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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wolf Ejzenberg;

    Esta dissertação aborda o tema do desarmamento nuclear, numa tentativa de compreender a dinâmica pela qual o desarmamento se opera em nível internacional. A limitação à questão nuclear permite descrever o aparato jurídico-institucional existente para obter o abandono das armas nucleares e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar quais são e como se manifestam os obstáculos para sua concretização. A pesquisa toma como referência inicial o ensaio À Paz Perpétua, de Immanuel Kant, especialmente por suas proposições para sobrepor imperfeições da realidade atual por meio de uma evolução pautada pela razão e pela moral. No projeto kantiano, o filósofo acaba concebendo bases que podem ser úteis como referência para o fortalecimento gradual do desarmamento nuclear. A pesquisa contextualiza, assim, o surgimento das armas nucleares e a evolução da era nuclear, procurando identificar em que medida sua existência é contrária a um convívio harmonioso internacionalmente. Por se tratar de um trabalho jurídico, a parte central da dissertação é composta por detalhada análise dos tratados, convenções, organismos, resoluções e decisões judiciais internacionais relacionados ao controle e tentativa de banimento das armas nucleares. A avaliação crítica desses mecanismos jurídicos permite verificar um processo de evolução gradual, semelhante à que é concebida no ensaio de Kant para a obtenção da Paz Perpétua. Assim, apesar de representarem passos concretos rumo à meta do desarmamento nuclear, sendo interessante verificar como esses passos se retroalimentam fomentando bases mais sólidas para a busca desse fim, eles ainda são marcados por graves imperfeições e fragilidades. Com o intuito de compreender mais adequadamente os obstáculos enfrentados para o aprimoramento e pleno funcionamento do aparato jurídico desenvolvido em torno dessa problemática, a pesquisa é complementada pela análise de questões atinentes às Relações Internacionais, por meio da utilização de diversas referências bibliográficas e análise de contextos políticos específicos, possibilitando melhor compreensão de como os elementos políticos interferem para a plena consecução das normas estabelecidas internacionalmente. Essa compreensão é essencial para possibilitar passos adicionais na busca do banimento completo das armas nucleares. This dissertation discusses nuclear disarmament in an attempt to understand the dynamics by which it operates internationally. Limiting its scope to the nuclear issue makes it possible to describe the existing legal and institutional apparatus required to forgo nuclear weapons and, at the same time, identify what are and how behave the obstacles posed against its accomplishment. The research uses as its initial reference Immanuel Kants essay Perpetual Peace, particularly its propositions about overcome shortcomings of the present by means of an evolution guided by morals and reason. Kant establishes foundations that can be useful to gradually strengthen the means to bring about full nuclear disarmament. Thus, this research contextualizes the emergence of nuclear weapons and the ascent of the nuclear age, seeking to assess to what extent these weapons are deleterious to a peaceful international environment. The central part of the dissertation is a detailed evaluation of the international treaties, conventions, organisms, resolutions and judicial decisions related to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, which allows to verify a gradual evolution similar to the one conceived by Kant in order to obtain Perpetual Peace. Despite these developments can be interpreted as concrete steps towards the nuclear disarmament goal, they are still imperfect and fragile. Aiming to understand properly what are the obstacles against theirs full effectiveness, it was also developed an analysis regarding international relations and politics, basing upon relevant authors and specific political backgrounds, allowing a better comprehension of the interferences presented against the total accomplishment of the international norms. This understanding is essential to allow additional steps in pursuit of the complete proscription of nuclear weapons.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Chaparro, Manuel Carlos;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório Instituc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Lotufo, Paulo Andrade;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Isabela Souza Vardasca;

    O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a alteração de cor superficial, temperatura, transmitância e irradiância de fontes de luz empregadas em alguns protocolos de clareamento em consultório utilizando géis de baixa concentração. Uma amostragem de 90 espécimes de esmalte e dentina de dente humano foi selecionada e distribuída aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: SG-SL (sem gel- sem luz), SG-VIO (somente exposição ao LED violeta), PH35-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 35% - sem luz), PH17,5-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5%), PH6-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6%), PH17,5-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% - com exposição ao LED azul), PH6-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED azul), PH17,5-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% com exposição ao LED violeta) e PH6-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED violeta). Os géis clareadores utilizados foram fornecidos pela FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brasil). O LED azul (AZUL), Whitening Lase White Plus da DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 3 vezes com 3 minutos de ativação e o LED violeta (VIO), Bright Max Whitening da MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 1 ciclo de 20 minutos. A avaliação da cor foi realizada de um baseline, 7, 14 e 21 dias após o início e 14 dias após o término do protocolo de clareamento com o espectrofotômetro. A comparação entre os tempos da alteração de cor foi realizada através das fórmulas: CIEDE2000 e WID (whitness index). A análise da temperatura foi realizada durante o tratamento com um termopar. A transmitância da luz foi avaliada na última semana do tratamento clareador com uma esfera integradora. A irradiância das fontes de luz foi medida com um powermeter. Os valores obtidos para cada teste foram submetidos à análise estatística para determinar a homogeneidade e normalidade da amostra. A partir desta análise, foi escolhido o teste estatístico ANOVA two-way e o contraste de Bonferroni para análise da alteração de cor, e para as análises de temperatura e transmitância o teste ANOVA e o contraste de Tukey. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a irradiância. Como resultado, os grupos PH17,5-AZUL, PH17,5-VIO e PH35-SL apresentaram os melhores resultados de alteracao de cor (E00) sem diferença estatística significativa entre eles. Em relação ao whiteness index (WID), os grupos PH35-SL e PH17,5-VIO apresentaram maiores valores da diferença e não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Nos grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 6%, o LED violeta gerou um clareamento maior comparado ao grupo sem exposição à luz. O mesmo ocorreu quando comparados os grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 17,5%, o LED violeta novamente gerou um clareamento maior que o grupo sem exposição à luz. Todos os protocolos irradiados com fontes de luz apresentaram alteração de temperatura maior de 5,5ºC, exceto o grupo SG-VIO. A fonte de luz AZUL apresentou uma maior transmitância e irradiância em relação ao LED violeta. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o uso do LED violeta associado aos géis clareadores de peróxido de hidrogênio a 6 e 17,5% melhorou o resultado estético comparado aos géis de respectiva concentração sem exposição à luz, porém há um aumento considerável da temperatura. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change of surface color, temperature, transmittance and irradiance of the light source used in bleaching protocols. A sample of 90 human teeth, enamel and dentin specimens, was selected and randomly assigned to 9 groups: SG-SL (no gel-no light), SG-VIO (violet LED exposure only), PH35-SL (hydrogen peroxide 35% - without light), PH17.5-SL (17.5% hydrogen peroxide), PH6-SL (6% hydrogen peroxide), PH17.5-BLUE (17.5% hydrogen peroxide - with blue LED exposure), PH6-BLUE (6% hydrogen peroxide with blue LED exposure), PH17.5-VIO (17.5% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure), and PH6-VIO (6% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure). The bleaching gels used were supplied by FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brazil). The blue LED (BLUE), Whitening Lase White Plus from DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated 3 times with 3 minutes of activation and the violet LED (VIO), Bright Max Whitening from MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated for 1 cycle of 20 minutes. The color evaluation was performed a baseline, 7, 14 and 21 days after the beginning and 14 days after the end of the bleaching protocol using a spectrophotometer. The formulas CIEDE2000 and WID (whitness index) were used to compare the datas of the color evaluation. Temperature analysis was performed during the second session of bleaching treatment with a thermocouple. Light transmittance was evaluated in the last week of the bleaching treatment with an integrating sphere. The irradiance of light sources was measured with a powermeter. The values obtained for each test were submitted to statistical analysis to determine the homogeneity and normality of the sample. From this analysis, the ANOVA two-way statistical test with Bonferroni post-hoc was chosen for the analysis of color change. For analysis temperature and transmittance the ANOVA statistical test with Tukey post-hoc was chosen. The Mann-Whitney test was used for irradiance. As a result, the PH17.5-BLUE, PH17.5-VIO and PH35-SL groups presented the best color change results (E00) with no statistically significant difference between them. Regarding the whiteness index (WID), the groups PH35-SL and PH17.5-VIO showed higher values of difference and there was no statistical difference between them. In the 6% hydrogen peroxide groups, the violet LED generated greater lightening compared to the group without light exposure. The same occurred when comparing the groups with 17.5% hydrogen peroxide, the violet LED again generated a greater lightening than the group without light exposure. All protocols irradiated with light sources showed a temperature change greater than 5.5ºC, except for the SG-VIO group. The BLUE light source showed a higher transmittance and irradiance compared to the violet LED. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of violet LED associated with bleaching gels of hydrogen peroxide at 6 and 17.5% improves the aesthetic result compared to gels of the respective concentration without exposure to light, but there is a considerable increase in temperature.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Toscano, Antônio Rogério;
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    Authors: Wenk, Florian;
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    Authors: Luiz Antonio Alves Jose;

    Visando verificar a seletividade de alguns acaricidas a inimigos naturais de pragas da cultura de citros, elaborou-se o presente trabalho. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos municípios de Artur Nogueira/SP, Nova Europa/SP e Limeira/SP, e os de laboratório no Departamento de Entomologia da ESALQ/USP. Os trabalhos de campo constaram da aplicação de dois piretróides acaricidas, comparados aos acaricidas de outros grupos em pomares de citros observando-se, pelo efeito de choque, a flutuação populacional dos inimigos naturais. Os trabalhos de laboratório constaram da aplicação direta dos produtos químicos sobre larvas de Pentilia egena Muls. e adultos de Chrysopa sp., sendo observado ainda o efeito residual desses produtos sobre este último predador. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que os piretróides acaricidas Fenpropathrin 30 CE 15 g i.a./100 1 e Bifenthrin 100 CE 2 g i.a./100 1 mostra-se pouco seletivos aos inimigos naturais encontrados em pomares de citros. Para dois grupos de inimigos naturais, coccinelídeos (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) e percevejos predadores (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Reduviidae) observa-se uma reinfestação aos 25 e 16 dias após a aplicação respectivamente. Em laboratório, Fenpropathrin 30 CE (15 g i.a./1001) e Buprofezin 25 WP (25 g i.a./100 1) mostraram-se mais tóxicos a adultos de Chrysopa sp. e Fenpropathrin 30 CE (15g i.a./100 1) menos tóxicos a larvas de Pentilia egena Muls. Observou-se ainda curto efeito residual (<24 horas) sobre adultos de Chrysopa sp. para ambos os piretróides acaricidas testados. This research was carried out to study the selectivity of some acaricides to the natural enemies of citrus pests. Experiments were set in the field, in the municipalities of Artur Nogueira, Nova Europa and Limeira, State of São Paulo, and in the laboratory, Department of Entomology, "Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo. In the field experiment two pyrethroid acaricides were compared to acaricides of the other chemical groups by spraying them in citrus orchards and observing the knockdown effect on the population of the natural enemies. In the laboratory experiments the products were directly applied on Pentilia egena Muls. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) larvae and Chrysopa sp. (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) adults. The residual effect of such chemicals was observed on the Chrysopa sp. Adults. The results were as follows: a) the pyrethroid acaricides Fenpropathrin 30 EC (15 9 of a.i./100 l and Bifenthrin 100 EC (2 9 of a.i./100 1) showed low selectivity to the natural enemies, b) the populations of Coccinellidae and predator bugs (Reduviidae) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) increased at the 25th and 16th days respectively after the spraying; c) in laboratory Fenpropathrin 30 EC (15g of a.i./100 1) and Buprofezin 25 WP (25 9 of a.i./100 1) were more toxicant to Chrysopa sp. adults and Fenpropathrin 30 CE (15g i.a./100 1) less toxicant to P. egena larvae; d) a residual effect (1ess than 24 hours) on Chrysopa sp. adults was observed for both pyrethroids tested.

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    Authors: Silvia Cremonez Nascimento;

    Atividades antrópicas, nas últimas décadas, têm gerado quantidades significativas de resíduos, dentre os quais incluem-se elementos metálicos altamente poluentes. Desta maneira, reveste-se de grande importância o estudo dos mecanismos de fixação e mobilidade desses íons nos diferentes ambientes. Neste trabalho devido à ausência de vida aquática no Córrego da Anta, São José do Rio Preto, foram quantificados os íons poluentes metálicos oriundos de varias fontes e sua dispersão em solos, sedimentos, águas superficiais e subterrâneas; foram também avaliados riscos ecotoxicológicos em peixes considerados topo na cadeia alimentar em ecossistemas aquáticos. Foram utilizados bioindicadores, para estabelecerem-se correlações entre a distribuição dos metais pesados no ambiente físico e informações biológicas. O local de estudo compreende um trecho do Córrego da Anta, localizado no Distrito Industrial II, a noroeste do Município de São José do Rio Preto-SP. Na área têm-se um antigo lixão, encontra-se instalado um aterro sanitário, provido de sistema de captação e tratamento do chorume, uma indústria de processamento de matéria orgânica animal (sebo) e já conta com acelerado processo de ocupação antrópica. Com o objetivo de determinarem-se os mecanismos de fixação e mobilidade dos íons manganês, zinco, cobre, cromo e chumbo, foram coletadas e analisadas amostras de solos, sedimentos de fundo, águas superficiais, subterrâneas, pluviométricas e de bioindicadores. Os resultados analíticos mostraram concentrações anômalas, dos íons de interesse, especialmente nos locais onde havia lixo enterrado e no ponto de lançamento de efluente nas margens do córrego. Já nas águas superficiais e subterrâneas, excetuando-se o manganês, os teores dos cátions são bastante baixos. Através de extrações seqüenciais foram obtidos dados sobre o comportamento dos íons que, de modo geral, são semelhantes tanto para os solos das margens como para os sedimentos de fundo do Córrego, ou seja, nestes ambientes os íons acham-se associados a matéria orgânica. Os experimentos realizados com bioindicadores mostraram assimilação dos íons metálicos no tecido animal, indicando seu efeito cumulativo na cadeia alimentar. Comprovou-se também que a origem do material contaminante decididamente é oriundo dos lixos enterrados já há vários anos. Finalmente, pode-se afirmar que o chumbo e o cromo são os íons metálicos mais poluidores e encontram-se em condições latentes, apenas indisponibilizados, enquanto não ocorrerem eventos capazes de liberá-los Anthropic activities in the last decades have generated significant quantities of remains, among which highly polluting metallic elements are include. Thus it is of great importance the study of the mechanisms of fixation and mobility of these ions in different environments. In this work,due to the lack of water life in Anta Stream, São José do Rio Preto, we quantified the metallic polluting ions, from several sources and their dispersion in soils, sediments and superfial and groundwater waters. We also evaluated ecotoxicologic risks in fish, considered to be in food chains in aquatic ecosystems. Biondicators were used to establish correlations betwenn the distribution of heavy metals in the physical environment and biological information. The place of study includes a part of Antra stream located in the Industrial District II. In The northwest of São José do Rio Preto- São Paulo. In this área there is na old waste field and landfill provided with a system of captation and treatment of leachate, na industry of processing of animal organic matter (tallow) and there is a grooving process of anthropic occupation . In order to determine the fixation mechanisms and the mobility of the ions of manganese, zinc, copper,lead and chrome samples of soils, sediments of the bottom of superficial groundwater and pluviometric waters and of bioindicators were collected and analyzed. The analytical results showed anomalous concentration the interested ions, especially in places where was buried wastes and on the point of descarded of the influents of the borders or the stream. Yet, in the superficial and groundwaters waters, except for the manganese, the levels of cation were quite low. Through sequential extractions we obtained data about the behaviors or the ions which, in general, are similar to the soils of the borders and sediments of the bottom of the stream, that is in both environments the ions are associated with the organic matter. The experiments done with bioindicators showed the assimilation of the metallic ions in animal tissue, indicating its cumulative effect of the food chain. It was also proved that the origin of contaminating material definitely comes from wastes buried some years ago. Finally we can state that lead and chrome are the most polluting metallic ions and can be found in potential latent conditions, and are only not available, while events capable of freeing them, do not occur.

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    Authors: Tani, Go;
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    Authors: Nara Helena Lopes Pereira da Silva;

    As transformações da epidemia do HIV/Aids, principalmente em relação aos avanços na qualidade de vida de pessoas soropositivas, têm gerado novas ações frente à doença. A Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) se configura como uma política pública de atenção primária, que tem como proposta central a reorientação do sistema de saúde, com ênfase na produção do cuidado integral. O Agente Comunitário de Saúde (ACS) emerge, neste contexto, como um ator importante na interface entre a comunidade e o serviço de saúde. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever os sentidos produzidos em grupo com agentes comunitárias de saúde acerca do HIV/Aids. Para tal, foram realizadas três entrevistas grupais de sessão única, com três equipes de agentes comunitários de saúde de três Núcleos de Saúde da Família da cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Os grupos foram áudio-gravados e transcritos na íntegra. Foi efetuada a escolha de uma sessão de entrevista em grupo para a análise em profundidade. Esta sessão foi analisada à luz do construcionismo social, que considera que as realidades e sentidos são construídos através da relação entre as pessoas, sendo a linguagem entendida em seu caráter performático, como uma prática social. Para o processo de análise, inicialmente, foi realizada uma imersão no material transcrito. Após refletir sobre alguns dos possíveis sentidos, foi escolhido um tema como foco, a saber: os processos de negociação e construção de sentidos sobre o trabalho do agente comunitário de saúde em HIV/Aids. Através deste, buscou-se dar visibilidade aos processos conversacionais, com ênfase nas interações, negociações de sentidos e construções, atenta ao potencial de transformação dos enunciados. Nas considerações finais dois aspectos foram delimitados a partir de reflexões sobre a construção do trabalho no nível da atenção primária no que diz respeito ao HIV/Aids, a saber: (a) a possibilidade de olhar para as vozes sociais presentificadas no grupo e nas ações em saúde, contribuindo para reflexões sobre os sentidos construídos acerca do HIV/Aids e da sexualidade; (b) as mudanças a partir da interação e das negociações dos sentidos, no que se refere às questões de gênero e prevenção. A possibilidade de negociação dos sentidos pôs em diálogo a diversidade, bem como a importância de se considerar a multiplicidade em saúde. Esta análise permitiu a descrição de alguns sentidos referentes ao HIV/Aids no contexto da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Consideramos que, ao analisar os discursos em grupo com profissionais agentes comunitárias de saúde, estamos contribuindo para reflexões sobre as ações na atenção primária no que tange ao trabalho com HIV/Aids. The changes that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has undergone especially in relation to the improvements on the quality of life of seropositive people have generated new actions in relation to the disease. The Family Health Strategy (FHS) is characterized as a primary care public policy aimed at reorienting the health system emphasizing the production of the complete care. In this context, the Communitarian Health Agent (CHA) emerges as an important actor in the interface between community and health service. The objective of the present study is to describe meanings produced by the group with communitarian health agents in relation to HIV/AIDS. To do so, three one-session group interviews with three communitarian health agents team from three Family Health Units of the city of Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil were performed. The groups were audio-recorded and transcribed in full. One group-interview session was selected for a deep analysis. This session was analyzed at the light of the social constructionism, which considers that the realities and meanings are constructed based on relation between people, and that language is understood within its performative character as a social practice. For the analysis process, an immersion into the transcribed material was initially performed. After reflecting on some of the possible meanings, a topic of interest was selected, namely: the negotiation and construction process of meanings in relation to the work of the HIV/AIDS communitarian health agent. Through this process, one searched to make the conversational processes clear by emphasizing interactions, negotiations of meanings and constructions in relation to the enunciations? change potential. In the final considerations, two aspects were delimited based on reflections on the construction of the work at the primary care level in relation to HIV/AIDS namely: (a) the possibility of looking at social voices present in the group and in the health actions, thus contributing for the reflections on the meanings about HIV/AIDS and sexuality; (b) the changes based on the interaction and on the negotiations of meanings in relation to matters of gender and prevention. The possibility of negotiating meanings has recalled diversity as well as the importance of considering multiplicity in health. This analysis has enabled the description of some meanings in relation to HIV/AIDS in the Family Health Strategy context. We consider that, when group conversations are analyzed with communitarian health agent professionals, we are contributing for reflections on primary care actions in relation to those who live with HIV/AIDS.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wolf Ejzenberg;

    Esta dissertação aborda o tema do desarmamento nuclear, numa tentativa de compreender a dinâmica pela qual o desarmamento se opera em nível internacional. A limitação à questão nuclear permite descrever o aparato jurídico-institucional existente para obter o abandono das armas nucleares e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar quais são e como se manifestam os obstáculos para sua concretização. A pesquisa toma como referência inicial o ensaio À Paz Perpétua, de Immanuel Kant, especialmente por suas proposições para sobrepor imperfeições da realidade atual por meio de uma evolução pautada pela razão e pela moral. No projeto kantiano, o filósofo acaba concebendo bases que podem ser úteis como referência para o fortalecimento gradual do desarmamento nuclear. A pesquisa contextualiza, assim, o surgimento das armas nucleares e a evolução da era nuclear, procurando identificar em que medida sua existência é contrária a um convívio harmonioso internacionalmente. Por se tratar de um trabalho jurídico, a parte central da dissertação é composta por detalhada análise dos tratados, convenções, organismos, resoluções e decisões judiciais internacionais relacionados ao controle e tentativa de banimento das armas nucleares. A avaliação crítica desses mecanismos jurídicos permite verificar um processo de evolução gradual, semelhante à que é concebida no ensaio de Kant para a obtenção da Paz Perpétua. Assim, apesar de representarem passos concretos rumo à meta do desarmamento nuclear, sendo interessante verificar como esses passos se retroalimentam fomentando bases mais sólidas para a busca desse fim, eles ainda são marcados por graves imperfeições e fragilidades. Com o intuito de compreender mais adequadamente os obstáculos enfrentados para o aprimoramento e pleno funcionamento do aparato jurídico desenvolvido em torno dessa problemática, a pesquisa é complementada pela análise de questões atinentes às Relações Internacionais, por meio da utilização de diversas referências bibliográficas e análise de contextos políticos específicos, possibilitando melhor compreensão de como os elementos políticos interferem para a plena consecução das normas estabelecidas internacionalmente. Essa compreensão é essencial para possibilitar passos adicionais na busca do banimento completo das armas nucleares. This dissertation discusses nuclear disarmament in an attempt to understand the dynamics by which it operates internationally. Limiting its scope to the nuclear issue makes it possible to describe the existing legal and institutional apparatus required to forgo nuclear weapons and, at the same time, identify what are and how behave the obstacles posed against its accomplishment. The research uses as its initial reference Immanuel Kants essay Perpetual Peace, particularly its propositions about overcome shortcomings of the present by means of an evolution guided by morals and reason. Kant establishes foundations that can be useful to gradually strengthen the means to bring about full nuclear disarmament. Thus, this research contextualizes the emergence of nuclear weapons and the ascent of the nuclear age, seeking to assess to what extent these weapons are deleterious to a peaceful international environment. The central part of the dissertation is a detailed evaluation of the international treaties, conventions, organisms, resolutions and judicial decisions related to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, which allows to verify a gradual evolution similar to the one conceived by Kant in order to obtain Perpetual Peace. Despite these developments can be interpreted as concrete steps towards the nuclear disarmament goal, they are still imperfect and fragile. Aiming to understand properly what are the obstacles against theirs full effectiveness, it was also developed an analysis regarding international relations and politics, basing upon relevant authors and specific political backgrounds, allowing a better comprehension of the interferences presented against the total accomplishment of the international norms. This understanding is essential to allow additional steps in pursuit of the complete proscription of nuclear weapons.

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    Authors: Chaparro, Manuel Carlos;
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    Authors: Lotufo, Paulo Andrade;
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    Authors: Isabela Souza Vardasca;

    O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a alteração de cor superficial, temperatura, transmitância e irradiância de fontes de luz empregadas em alguns protocolos de clareamento em consultório utilizando géis de baixa concentração. Uma amostragem de 90 espécimes de esmalte e dentina de dente humano foi selecionada e distribuída aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: SG-SL (sem gel- sem luz), SG-VIO (somente exposição ao LED violeta), PH35-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 35% - sem luz), PH17,5-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5%), PH6-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6%), PH17,5-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% - com exposição ao LED azul), PH6-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED azul), PH17,5-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% com exposição ao LED violeta) e PH6-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED violeta). Os géis clareadores utilizados foram fornecidos pela FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brasil). O LED azul (AZUL), Whitening Lase White Plus da DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 3 vezes com 3 minutos de ativação e o LED violeta (VIO), Bright Max Whitening da MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 1 ciclo de 20 minutos. A avaliação da cor foi realizada de um baseline, 7, 14 e 21 dias após o início e 14 dias após o término do protocolo de clareamento com o espectrofotômetro. A comparação entre os tempos da alteração de cor foi realizada através das fórmulas: CIEDE2000 e WID (whitness index). A análise da temperatura foi realizada durante o tratamento com um termopar. A transmitância da luz foi avaliada na última semana do tratamento clareador com uma esfera integradora. A irradiância das fontes de luz foi medida com um powermeter. Os valores obtidos para cada teste foram submetidos à análise estatística para determinar a homogeneidade e normalidade da amostra. A partir desta análise, foi escolhido o teste estatístico ANOVA two-way e o contraste de Bonferroni para análise da alteração de cor, e para as análises de temperatura e transmitância o teste ANOVA e o contraste de Tukey. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a irradiância. Como resultado, os grupos PH17,5-AZUL, PH17,5-VIO e PH35-SL apresentaram os melhores resultados de alteracao de cor (E00) sem diferença estatística significativa entre eles. Em relação ao whiteness index (WID), os grupos PH35-SL e PH17,5-VIO apresentaram maiores valores da diferença e não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Nos grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 6%, o LED violeta gerou um clareamento maior comparado ao grupo sem exposição à luz. O mesmo ocorreu quando comparados os grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 17,5%, o LED violeta novamente gerou um clareamento maior que o grupo sem exposição à luz. Todos os protocolos irradiados com fontes de luz apresentaram alteração de temperatura maior de 5,5ºC, exceto o grupo SG-VIO. A fonte de luz AZUL apresentou uma maior transmitância e irradiância em relação ao LED violeta. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o uso do LED violeta associado aos géis clareadores de peróxido de hidrogênio a 6 e 17,5% melhorou o resultado estético comparado aos géis de respectiva concentração sem exposição à luz, porém há um aumento considerável da temperatura. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change of surface color, temperature, transmittance and irradiance of the light source used in bleaching protocols. A sample of 90 human teeth, enamel and dentin specimens, was selected and randomly assigned to 9 groups: SG-SL (no gel-no light), SG-VIO (violet LED exposure only), PH35-SL (hydrogen peroxide 35% - without light), PH17.5-SL (17.5% hydrogen peroxide), PH6-SL (6% hydrogen peroxide), PH17.5-BLUE (17.5% hydrogen peroxide - with blue LED exposure), PH6-BLUE (6% hydrogen peroxide with blue LED exposure), PH17.5-VIO (17.5% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure), and PH6-VIO (6% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure). The bleaching gels used were supplied by FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brazil). The blue LED (BLUE), Whitening Lase White Plus from DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated 3 times with 3 minutes of activation and the violet LED (VIO), Bright Max Whitening from MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated for 1 cycle of 20 minutes. The color evaluation was performed a baseline, 7, 14 and 21 days after the beginning and 14 days after the end of the bleaching protocol using a spectrophotometer. The formulas CIEDE2000 and WID (whitness index) were used to compare the datas of the color evaluation. Temperature analysis was performed during the second session of bleaching treatment with a thermocouple. Light transmittance was evaluated in the last week of the bleaching treatment with an integrating sphere. The irradiance of light sources was measured with a powermeter. The values obtained for each test were submitted to statistical analysis to determine the homogeneity and normality of the sample. From this analysis, the ANOVA two-way statistical test with Bonferroni post-hoc was chosen for the analysis of color change. For analysis temperature and transmittance the ANOVA statistical test with Tukey post-hoc was chosen. The Mann-Whitney test was used for irradiance. As a result, the PH17.5-BLUE, PH17.5-VIO and PH35-SL groups presented the best color change results (E00) with no statistically significant difference between them. Regarding the whiteness index (WID), the groups PH35-SL and PH17.5-VIO showed higher values of difference and there was no statistical difference between them. In the 6% hydrogen peroxide groups, the violet LED generated greater lightening compared to the group without light exposure. The same occurred when comparing the groups with 17.5% hydrogen peroxide, the violet LED again generated a greater lightening than the group without light exposure. All protocols irradiated with light sources showed a temperature change greater than 5.5ºC, except for the SG-VIO group. The BLUE light source showed a higher transmittance and irradiance compared to the violet LED. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of violet LED associated with bleaching gels of hydrogen peroxide at 6 and 17.5% improves the aesthetic result compared to gels of the respective concentration without exposure to light, but there is a considerable increase in temperature.

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    Authors: Toscano, Antônio Rogério;
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    Authors: Wenk, Florian;
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    Authors: Luiz Antonio Alves Jose;

    Visando verificar a seletividade de alguns acaricidas a inimigos naturais de pragas da cultura de citros, elaborou-se o presente trabalho. Os experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos municípios de Artur Nogueira/SP, Nova Europa/SP e Limeira/SP, e os de laboratório no Departamento de Entomologia da ESALQ/USP. Os trabalhos de campo constaram da aplicação de dois piretróides acaricidas, comparados aos acaricidas de outros grupos em pomares de citros observando-se, pelo efeito de choque, a flutuação populacional dos inimigos naturais. Os trabalhos de laboratório constaram da aplicação direta dos produtos químicos sobre larvas de Pentilia egena Muls. e adultos de Chrysopa sp., sendo observado ainda o efeito residual desses produtos sobre este último predador. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que os piretróides acaricidas Fenpropathrin 30 CE 15 g i.a./100 1 e Bifenthrin 100 CE 2 g i.a./100 1 mostra-se pouco seletivos aos inimigos naturais encontrados em pomares de citros. Para dois grupos de inimigos naturais, coccinelídeos (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) e percevejos predadores (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Reduviidae) observa-se uma reinfestação aos 25 e 16 dias após a aplicação respectivamente. Em laboratório, Fenpropathrin 30 CE (15 g i.a./1001) e Buprofezin 25 WP (25 g i.a./100 1) mostraram-se mais tóxicos a adultos de Chrysopa sp. e Fenpropathrin 30 CE (15g i.a./100 1) menos tóxicos a larvas de Pentilia egena Muls. Observou-se ainda curto efeito residual (<24 horas) sobre adultos de Chrysopa sp. para ambos os piretróides acaricidas testados. This research was carried out to study the selectivity of some acaricides to the natural enemies of citrus pests. Experiments were set in the field, in the municipalities of Artur Nogueira, Nova Europa and Limeira, State of São Paulo, and in the laboratory, Department of Entomology, "Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo. In the field experiment two pyrethroid acaricides were compared to acaricides of the other chemical groups by spraying them in citrus orchards and observing the knockdown effect on the population of the natural enemies. In the laboratory experiments the products were directly applied on Pentilia egena Muls. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) larvae and Chrysopa sp. (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) adults. The residual effect of such chemicals was observed on the Chrysopa sp. Adults. The results were as follows: a) the pyrethroid acaricides Fenpropathrin 30 EC (15 9 of a.i./100 l and Bifenthrin 100 EC (2 9 of a.i./100 1) showed low selectivity to the natural enemies, b) the populations of Coccinellidae and predator bugs (Reduviidae) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera) increased at the 25th and 16th days respectively after the spraying; c) in laboratory Fenpropathrin 30 EC (15g of a.i./100 1) and Buprofezin 25 WP (25 9 of a.i./100 1) were more toxicant to Chrysopa sp. adults and Fenpropathrin 30 CE (15g i.a./100 1) less toxicant to P. egena larvae; d) a residual effect (1ess than 24 hours) on Chrysopa sp. adults was observed for both pyrethroids tested.

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