doi: 10.26204/kluedo/7161
Human interferences within the Earth System are accelerating, leading to major impacts and feedback that we are just beginning to understand. Summarized under the term 'global change' these impacts put human and natural systems under ever-increasing stress and impose a threat to human well-being, particularly in the Global South. Global governance bodies have acknowledged that decisive measures have to be taken to mitigate the causes and to adapt to these new conditions. Nevertheless, neither current international nor national pledges and measures reach the effectiveness needed to sustain global human well-being under accelerating global change. On the contrary, competing interests are not only paralyzing the international debate but also playing an increasingly important role in debates over social fragmentation and societal polarization on national and local scales. This interconnectedness of the natural and the social system and its impact on social phenomena such as cooperation and conflicts need to be understood better, to strengthen social resilience to future disturbances, drive societal transformation towards socially desirable futures while at the same time avoiding path dependencies along continuing colonial continuities. As a case example, this thesis provides insights into southwestern Amazonia, where the intertwined challenges of human contribution to global change in all its dimensions, as well as human adaptation and mitigation attempts to the imposed changes become exaggeratedly visible. As such, southwestern Amazonia with its high social, economic, and biological diversity is a good example to study the deep interrelations of humans with nature and the consequences these relations have on social cohesion amid an ecological crisis. Therefore, this thesis takes a social-ecological perspective on conflicts and social cohesion. Social cohesion is in a wider sense understood as the way "how members of a society, group, or organization relate to each other and work together" (Dany and Dijkzeul 2022, p. 12). In particular in contexts of violence, conflicts, and fragility, little has been investigated on the role of social cohesion to govern public goods and build resilience for (future) environmental crises. At the same time, governments and international decision-makers more and more acknowledge the role of social cohesion _ comprising both relations between social groups and between groups and the state _ to build upon resilience against crises. Facing uncertainty in how natural and social systems react to certain disturbances and shocks, the governance of potential tipping points, is an additional challenge for the governance of social-ecological systems (SES). Therefore, this thesis asks: "How does governance shape pathways towards cooperative or conflictive social-ecological tipping points?" The results of this thesis can be distinguished into theoretical/conceptual results and empirical results. Initial systematic literature research on the nexus of climate change, land use, and conflict revealed, an extensive body of literature on direct effects, for example, drought-related land use conflicts, with diverging opinions on whether global warming increases the risk for conflicts or not. Adding the perspective of indirect implications, we further identified research gaps, and also a lack of policy recognition, concerning the negative externalities on land use and conflict through climate mitigation and adaptation measures. On a conceptual note, taking a social cohesion perspective into the analysis is beneficial to shift the focus from the problem-oriented perspective of vulnerabilities and conflicts to global change and potential resulting conflicts to a solution-oriented perspective of enhancing agency and resilience to strengthen collaboration. The developed Social Cohesion Conceptual Model and the related analytical framework facilitate the incorporation of societal dynamics into the analysis of SES dynamics. In addition, the elaborated Tipping Multiverse Framework took up this idea and enhanced it with a more detailed perspective on the soil ecosystem and the household livelihood system to identify entry points to potential social-ecological tipping cascades. As such, the Tipping Multiverse Framework offered two matrices that can advance the understanding of regional SES by identifying core processes, functioning, and links in each TE and thus provide entry points to identify potential tipping cascades across SES sub-systems. The exemplified application of these two frameworks on southwestern Amazonia shows the analytical potential of both proposed frameworks in advancing the understanding of social-ecological tipping points and potential tipping cascades in a regional SES. On an empirical note, zooming in on questions of governance by applying a political ecology lens to human security, we find that 'glocal' resource governance often reproduces, amplifies, or creates power imbalances and divisions on and between different scales. Our results show that the winners of resource extraction are mostly found at the national and international scale while local communities receive little benefit and are left vulnerable to externalities. Hence, our study contributes to the existing research by stressing the importance of one underlying question: "governance by whom and for whom?" This question raised the demand to understand the underlying dynamics of resource governance and resulting conflicts. Therefore, we aimed at analyzing how (environmental) institutions influence the major drivers of social-ecological conflicts over land in and around three protected areas, Tambopata (Peru), the Extractive Reserve Chico Mendes (Brazil), and Manuripi (Bolivia). We found that state institutions, in particular, have the following effects on key conflict drivers: Overlapping responsibilities of governance institutions and limited enforcement of regulations protecting and empowering rural and disadvantaged populations, enabling external actors to (illegally) access and control resources in the protected areas. Consequently, the already fragile social contract between the residents of the protected area and its surrounding areas and the central state is further weakened by the expanding influence of criminal organizations that oppose the state's authority. For state institutions to avoid aggravating these conflict drivers but instead better manage them or even contribute to conflict prevention and mitigation, a transformation from reactive to reflexive institutions and the development of new reflexive governance competencies is needed. This need for reflexive governance becomes particularly visible when sudden disturbances or shocks impact the SES. Our analysis of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the interconnections of land use change, ecosystem services, human agency, conflict, and cooperation that the pandemic has had a severe influence on the human security of marginalized social groups in southwestern Amazonia. Civil society actions have been an essential strategy in the fight against COVID-19, not just in the health sector but also in the economic, political, social, and cultural realms. However, our research also showed that the pandemic has consolidated and partly renewed criminal structures, while the already weak state has fallen further behind due to additional tasks managing the pandemic and other disasters such as floods. In conclusion, it can be said that the reflexivity of governance is crucial to foster cooperation and preventing conflicts in the realm of social-ecological systems. By not only reacting to already occurring changes but also reflecting upon potential future changes, governance can shape transformation pathways away from the detrimental and towards life-sustaining pathways. It can do so, by exercising agency across scales to avoid the crossing of detrimental social-ecological tipping points but rather to trigger life-sustaining tipping points that contribute to global social-ecological well-being.
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High-quality randomised clinical trials testing moderately fractionated breast radiotherapy have clearly shown that local control and survival is at least as effective as with 2 Gy daily fractions with similar or reduced normal tissue toxicity. Fewer treatment visits are welcomed by patients and their families, and reduced fractions produce substantial savings for health-care systems. Implementation of hypofractionation, however, has moved at a slow pace. The oncology community have now reached an inflection point created by new evidence from the FAST-Forward five- fraction randomised trial and catalysed by the need for the global radiation oncology community to unite during the COVID-19 pandemic and rapidly rethink hypofractionation implementation. The aim of this paper is to support equity of access for all patients to receive evidence-based breast external beam radiotherapy and to facilitate the translation of new evidence into routine daily practice. The results from this European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology Advisory Committee in Radiation Oncology Practice consensus state that moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy can be offered to any patient for whole breast, chest wall (with or without reconstruction), and nodal volumes. Ultrafractionation (five fractions) can also be offered for non-nodal breast or chest wall (without reconstruction) radiotherapy either as standard of care or within a randomised trial or prospective cohort. The consensus is timely; not only is it a pragmatic framework for radiation oncologists, but it provides a measured proposal for the path forward to influence policy makers and empower patients to ensure equity of access to evidence- based radiotherapy.
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In recent years, an increasing number of Open Science initiatives have emerged that are accessible to anyone, but mainly target researchers. We believe that students are overlooked within the Open Science movement and do not receive adequate education on many of the Open Science practices. For example, many students do not know about the replication crisis or that some research is questionable. In turn, this may have consequences on how they will conduct their own research in the future. Our initiative feels the urge to spread Open Science within the student community. To realize this goal, we started a student organization that promotes Open Science and emphasizes its applicability directly to students. We are Data Sharing. We are Open Access. We are Reproducibility. We are Open Science, from students for students. We aim to promote Open Science by organizing lectures, debates, and workshops (e.g., how to pre-register a bachelor/master thesis). As such, we inform students how Open Science might be able to solve issues within research and how they can engage. Additionally, we educate students on why the current way to do science is not the way forward (e.g. panel discussions). We want to strongly emphasize the students' perspective on the applicability of Open Science to their life as a student. We believe that by creating awareness at an early stage of their career, we will be able to improve research practices in science in the long run. Besides, Open Science might not only be valuable within their studies (e.g. thesis) - and when pursuing a career in academia - but also when being confronted with research after their studies (e.g, when interpreting other’s work). Our initiative is unique and innovative by solely focusing on the engagement of students. Continuous support and increased interest from students even outside our university has motivated us to encourage students to start a SIOS at their own university. To help motivated students get started, we wrote a Step-by-Step guide that describes how our organization was established and gives advice on how to structure and manage a student initiative around the topic of Open Science. Within the manual, we also included a COVID- 19 crisis management section where we give tips on how to keep an initiative alive in times of online meetings and closed faculties. For the Step-by-Step guide, we have just received a grant by Berkeley University that will fund distributing the project to different universities. In the spirit of evaluating our own effectiveness, we further aim to design studies measuring the impact of our Step-by-Step guide and initiative. This will help guide our decisions in how to further promote Open Science practices among students by better understanding what students actually need. Besides our annual introductory lectures to Open Science, our plans for the following year include the following projects: Taking part in the Open Science festival, inviting lecturers on the topic of power analysis, writing a blogpost on the experiences with supervisors with poor academic integrity, organizing an introductory workshop on Bayesian statistics, and many more.
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In Brazil, the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, the effects of colonization reverberate in the insurgence of a necropolitics that directly affects Black youth and children. According to the Brazilian Forum of Public Safety, between the years of 2016 and 2020, 35 thousand people from 0 to 17 years old were killed in violent ways. In 2021, around 7 children or teenagers were victims of lethal violence per day. For such, the text updated the condition of contemporary necropolitics considering its colonizing genealogy, having as central axis the comprehension of «the complex of Miguel Otávio», (Souza and Carvalho, 2022, p. 7) as the capacity whether rational or not, conscious or unconscious, of adultcentrism to banalize the risks to which children are submitted, to the point of dying in gratuitous, stupid, violent, irresponsible and negligent forms. Considering examples such as Miguel Otávio Santana, who was 4 years old and was killed due to infant abandonment, and João Pedro Mattos, who was 14 years old and was shot by the police with a rifle, both cases taking place in the most rigid period of the COVID-19 quarantine, it is possible to understand that such processes educate the Brazilian society to treat differences as a synonym to inequalities and that adultcentrism is key in the composition of the Brazilian racism that sustains the death of Black children. Educazione interculturale, Vol. 21 No. 1 (2023): Education in a world of conflict and division
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Maturity and citizenship in a democracy require that laypersons are able to critically reflect on experts’ use of mathematics. Learning to critically reflect on the use of mathematics, including the learning of mathematics required to that end, have been repeatedly postulated as indispensable goals of compulsory education in mathematics. However, it remained unclear in how far control by reflection is possible, even for the well-educated layperson in mathematics. We use different discourses on the SARS-CoV-2 crisis in 2020 as examples of discourses with far-reaching individual and social consequences. The selected discourses build heavily on mathematical concepts such as mortality rates, casualty numbers, reproduction numbers and exponential growth. We identify the concepts and discuss how far they can be understood by laypersons. On the one hand, we found that some mathematical models are inappropriate, which can also be determined by laypersons. On the other hand, we found uses of mathematics where ideal concepts are intermingled with statistical concepts in the public discourse. While only the ideal concepts can be understood by laypersons, only the statistical concepts lead to actual data. The identification of both types of concepts leads to a situation where the use of mathematics evades social control and opens spaces for misconceptions and manipulation. We conclude that the control of experts’ use of mathematics by laypersons is not possible in all relevant cases, even if they had enjoyed critical mathematics education.
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doi: 10.3967/bes2020.080
pmc: PMC7505108
This study aimed to understand the differences in clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features between the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and influenza A in children. Data of 23 hospitalized children with COVID-19 (9 boys, 5.7 ± 3.8 years old) were compared with age- and sex-matched 69 hospitalized and 69 outpatient children with influenza A from a hospital in China. The participants' epidemiological history, family cluster, clinical manifestations, and blood test results were assessed. Compared with either inpatients or outpatients with influenza A, children with COVID-19 showed significantly more frequent family infections and higher ratio of low fever ( 39 °C), nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sore throat, vomiting, myalgia or arthralgia, and febrile seizures. They also showed higher counts of lymphocytes, T lymphocyte CD8, and platelets and levels of cholinesterase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and lactic acid, but lower serum amyloid, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and shorter prothrombin time. The level of alanine aminotransferase in children with COVID-19 is lower than that in inpatients but higher than that in outpatients with influenza A. Pediatric COVID-19 is associated with more frequent family infection, milder symptoms, and milder immune responses relative to pediatric influenza A.
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Introduction Studies investigating risk factors for severe COVID-19 often lack information on the representativeness of the study population. Here, we investigate factors associated with severe COVID-19 and compare the representativeness of the dataset to the general population. Methods We used data from the Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (LEOSS) of hospitalized COVID-19 patients diagnosed in 2020 in Germany to identify associated factors for severe COVID-19, defined as progressing to a critical disease stage or death. To assess the representativeness, we compared the LEOSS cohort to cases of hospitalized patients in the German statutory notification data of the same time period. Descriptive methods and Poisson regression models were used. Results Overall, 6672 hospitalized patients from LEOSS and 132,943 hospitalized cases from the German statutory notification data were included. In LEOSS, patients above 76 years were less likely represented (34.3% vs. 44.1%). Moreover, mortality was lower (14.3% vs. 21.5%) especially among age groups above 66 years. Factors associated with a severe COVID-19 disease course in LEOSS included increasing age, male sex (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53–1.86), prior stem cell transplantation (aRR 2.27, 95% CI 1.53–3.38), and an elevated C-reactive protein at day of diagnosis (aRR 2.30, 95% CI 2.03–2.62). Conclusion We identified a broad range of factors associated with severe COVID-19 progression. However, the results may be less applicable for persons above 66 years since they experienced lower mortality in the LEOSS dataset compared to the statutory notification data. Peer Reviewed
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doi: 10.15488/15563
The Covid-19 pandemic has created an opportunity to examine the initial policies developed by Australian, Canadian, English, German, Greek and Irish governments to limit the spread of the virus. This has revealed governments’ conceptualisation of the early childhood sector and its workforce. This paper argues that neoliberal ideology and neoliberal imaginaries have already influenced the early childhood sector globally. During the pandemic, the choices that governments made at the outset of the pandemic has allowed their priorities and underlying ideology to be more transparent. Using an ethnographic methodology, early childhood researchers from each of the six countries, examined their individual governments policy responses and the effects on the early childhood sector during its initial months (between March and June 2020). The authors consider the extent to which this may have implications for the sector in how it should continue its ongoing pursuit of professionalisation of the sector. © 2022, Western Australian Institute for Educational Research Inc.. All rights reserved.
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EXCLI Journal; 20:Doc276; ISSN 1611-2156
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doi: 10.26204/kluedo/7161
Human interferences within the Earth System are accelerating, leading to major impacts and feedback that we are just beginning to understand. Summarized under the term 'global change' these impacts put human and natural systems under ever-increasing stress and impose a threat to human well-being, particularly in the Global South. Global governance bodies have acknowledged that decisive measures have to be taken to mitigate the causes and to adapt to these new conditions. Nevertheless, neither current international nor national pledges and measures reach the effectiveness needed to sustain global human well-being under accelerating global change. On the contrary, competing interests are not only paralyzing the international debate but also playing an increasingly important role in debates over social fragmentation and societal polarization on national and local scales. This interconnectedness of the natural and the social system and its impact on social phenomena such as cooperation and conflicts need to be understood better, to strengthen social resilience to future disturbances, drive societal transformation towards socially desirable futures while at the same time avoiding path dependencies along continuing colonial continuities. As a case example, this thesis provides insights into southwestern Amazonia, where the intertwined challenges of human contribution to global change in all its dimensions, as well as human adaptation and mitigation attempts to the imposed changes become exaggeratedly visible. As such, southwestern Amazonia with its high social, economic, and biological diversity is a good example to study the deep interrelations of humans with nature and the consequences these relations have on social cohesion amid an ecological crisis. Therefore, this thesis takes a social-ecological perspective on conflicts and social cohesion. Social cohesion is in a wider sense understood as the way "how members of a society, group, or organization relate to each other and work together" (Dany and Dijkzeul 2022, p. 12). In particular in contexts of violence, conflicts, and fragility, little has been investigated on the role of social cohesion to govern public goods and build resilience for (future) environmental crises. At the same time, governments and international decision-makers more and more acknowledge the role of social cohesion _ comprising both relations between social groups and between groups and the state _ to build upon resilience against crises. Facing uncertainty in how natural and social systems react to certain disturbances and shocks, the governance of potential tipping points, is an additional challenge for the governance of social-ecological systems (SES). Therefore, this thesis asks: "How does governance shape pathways towards cooperative or conflictive social-ecological tipping points?" The results of this thesis can be distinguished into theoretical/conceptual results and empirical results. Initial systematic literature research on the nexus of climate change, land use, and conflict revealed, an extensive body of literature on direct effects, for example, drought-related land use conflicts, with diverging opinions on whether global warming increases the risk for conflicts or not. Adding the perspective of indirect implications, we further identified research gaps, and also a lack of policy recognition, concerning the negative externalities on land use and conflict through climate mitigation and adaptation measures. On a conceptual note, taking a social cohesion perspective into the analysis is beneficial to shift the focus from the problem-oriented perspective of vulnerabilities and conflicts to global change and potential resulting conflicts to a solution-oriented perspective of enhancing agency and resilience to strengthen collaboration. The developed Social Cohesion Conceptual Model and the related analytical framework facilitate the incorporation of societal dynamics into the analysis of SES dynamics. In addition, the elaborated Tipping Multiverse Framework took up this idea and enhanced it with a more detailed perspective on the soil ecosystem and the household livelihood system to identify entry points to potential social-ecological tipping cascades. As such, the Tipping Multiverse Framework offered two matrices that can advance the understanding of regional SES by identifying core processes, functioning, and links in each TE and thus provide entry points to identify potential tipping cascades across SES sub-systems. The exemplified application of these two frameworks on southwestern Amazonia shows the analytical potential of both proposed frameworks in advancing the understanding of social-ecological tipping points and potential tipping cascades in a regional SES. On an empirical note, zooming in on questions of governance by applying a political ecology lens to human security, we find that 'glocal' resource governance often reproduces, amplifies, or creates power imbalances and divisions on and between different scales. Our results show that the winners of resource extraction are mostly found at the national and international scale while local communities receive little benefit and are left vulnerable to externalities. Hence, our study contributes to the existing research by stressing the importance of one underlying question: "governance by whom and for whom?" This question raised the demand to understand the underlying dynamics of resource governance and resulting conflicts. Therefore, we aimed at analyzing how (environmental) institutions influence the major drivers of social-ecological conflicts over land in and around three protected areas, Tambopata (Peru), the Extractive Reserve Chico Mendes (Brazil), and Manuripi (Bolivia). We found that state institutions, in particular, have the following effects on key conflict drivers: Overlapping responsibilities of governance institutions and limited enforcement of regulations protecting and empowering rural and disadvantaged populations, enabling external actors to (illegally) access and control resources in the protected areas. Consequently, the already fragile social contract between the residents of the protected area and its surrounding areas and the central state is further weakened by the expanding influence of criminal organizations that oppose the state's authority. For state institutions to avoid aggravating these conflict drivers but instead better manage them or even contribute to conflict prevention and mitigation, a transformation from reactive to reflexive institutions and the development of new reflexive governance competencies is needed. This need for reflexive governance becomes particularly visible when sudden disturbances or shocks impact the SES. Our analysis of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the interconnections of land use change, ecosystem services, human agency, conflict, and cooperation that the pandemic has had a severe influence on the human security of marginalized social groups in southwestern Amazonia. Civil society actions have been an essential strategy in the fight against COVID-19, not just in the health sector but also in the economic, political, social, and cultural realms. However, our research also showed that the pandemic has consolidated and partly renewed criminal structures, while the already weak state has fallen further behind due to additional tasks managing the pandemic and other disasters such as floods. In conclusion, it can be said that the reflexivity of governance is crucial to foster cooperation and preventing conflicts in the realm of social-ecological systems. By not only reacting to already occurring changes but also reflecting upon potential future changes, governance can shape transformation pathways away from the detrimental and towards life-sustaining pathways. It can do so, by exercising agency across scales to avoid the crossing of detrimental social-ecological tipping points but rather to trigger life-sustaining tipping points that contribute to global social-ecological well-being.
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High-quality randomised clinical trials testing moderately fractionated breast radiotherapy have clearly shown that local control and survival is at least as effective as with 2 Gy daily fractions with similar or reduced normal tissue toxicity. Fewer treatment visits are welcomed by patients and their families, and reduced fractions produce substantial savings for health-care systems. Implementation of hypofractionation, however, has moved at a slow pace. The oncology community have now reached an inflection point created by new evidence from the FAST-Forward five- fraction randomised trial and catalysed by the need for the global radiation oncology community to unite during the COVID-19 pandemic and rapidly rethink hypofractionation implementation. The aim of this paper is to support equity of access for all patients to receive evidence-based breast external beam radiotherapy and to facilitate the translation of new evidence into routine daily practice. The results from this European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology Advisory Committee in Radiation Oncology Practice consensus state that moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy can be offered to any patient for whole breast, chest wall (with or without reconstruction), and nodal volumes. Ultrafractionation (five fractions) can also be offered for non-nodal breast or chest wall (without reconstruction) radiotherapy either as standard of care or within a randomised trial or prospective cohort. The consensus is timely; not only is it a pragmatic framework for radiation oncologists, but it provides a measured proposal for the path forward to influence policy makers and empower patients to ensure equity of access to evidence- based radiotherapy.
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In recent years, an increasing number of Open Science initiatives have emerged that are accessible to anyone, but mainly target researchers. We believe that students are overlooked within the Open Science movement and do not receive adequate education on many of the Open Science practices. For example, many students do not know about the replication crisis or that some research is questionable. In turn, this may have consequences on how they will conduct their own research in the future. Our initiative feels the urge to spread Open Science within the student community. To realize this goal, we started a student organization that promotes Open Science and emphasizes its applicability directly to students. We are Data Sharing. We are Open Access. We are Reproducibility. We are Open Science, from students for students. We aim to promote Open Science by organizing lectures, debates, and workshops (e.g., how to pre-register a bachelor/master thesis). As such, we inform students how Open Science might be able to solve issues within research and how they can engage. Additionally, we educate students on why the current way to do science is not the way forward (e.g. panel discussions). We want to strongly emphasize the students' perspective on the applicability of Open Science to their life as a student. We believe that by creating awareness at an early stage of their career, we will be able to improve research practices in science in the long run. Besides, Open Science might not only be valuable within their studies (e.g. thesis) - and when pursuing a career in academia - but also when being confronted with research after their studies (e.g, when interpreting other’s work). Our initiative is unique and innovative by solely focusing on the engagement of students. Continuous support and increased interest from students even outside our university has motivated us to encourage students to start a SIOS at their own university. To help motivated students get started, we wrote a Step-by-Step guide that describes how our organization was established and gives advice on how to structure and manage a student initiative around the topic of Open Science. Within the manual, we also included a COVID- 19 crisis management section where we give tips on how to keep an initiative alive in times of online meetings and closed faculties. For the Step-by-Step guide, we have just received a grant by Berkeley University that will fund distributing the project to different universities. In the spirit of evaluating our own effectiveness, we further aim to design studies measuring the impact of our Step-by-Step guide and initiative. This will help guide our decisions in how to further promote Open Science practices among students by better understanding what students actually need. Besides our annual introductory lectures to Open Science, our plans for the following year include the following projects: Taking part in the Open Science festival, inviting lecturers on the topic of power analysis, writing a blogpost on the experiences with supervisors with poor academic integrity, organizing an introductory workshop on Bayesian statistics, and many more.
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In Brazil, the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, the effects of colonization reverberate in the insurgence of a necropolitics that directly affects Black youth and children. According to the Brazilian Forum of Public Safety, between the years of 2016 and 2020, 35 thousand people from 0 to 17 years old were killed in violent ways. In 2021, around 7 children or teenagers were victims of lethal violence per day. For such, the text updated the condition of contemporary necropolitics considering its colonizing genealogy, having as central axis the comprehension of «the complex of Miguel Otávio», (Souza and Carvalho, 2022, p. 7) as the capacity whether rational or not, conscious or unconscious, of adultcentrism to banalize the risks to which children are submitted, to the point of dying in gratuitous, stupid, violent, irresponsible and negligent forms. Considering examples such as Miguel Otávio Santana, who was 4 years old and was killed due to infant abandonment, and João Pedro Mattos, who was 14 years old and was shot by the police with a rifle, both cases taking place in the most rigid period of the COVID-19 quarantine, it is possible to understand that such processes educate the Brazilian society to treat differences as a synonym to inequalities and that adultcentrism is key in the composition of the Brazilian racism that sustains the death of Black children. Educazione interculturale, Vol. 21 No. 1 (2023): Education in a world of conflict and division
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