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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wolf Ejzenberg;

    Esta dissertação aborda o tema do desarmamento nuclear, numa tentativa de compreender a dinâmica pela qual o desarmamento se opera em nível internacional. A limitação à questão nuclear permite descrever o aparato jurídico-institucional existente para obter o abandono das armas nucleares e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar quais são e como se manifestam os obstáculos para sua concretização. A pesquisa toma como referência inicial o ensaio À Paz Perpétua, de Immanuel Kant, especialmente por suas proposições para sobrepor imperfeições da realidade atual por meio de uma evolução pautada pela razão e pela moral. No projeto kantiano, o filósofo acaba concebendo bases que podem ser úteis como referência para o fortalecimento gradual do desarmamento nuclear. A pesquisa contextualiza, assim, o surgimento das armas nucleares e a evolução da era nuclear, procurando identificar em que medida sua existência é contrária a um convívio harmonioso internacionalmente. Por se tratar de um trabalho jurídico, a parte central da dissertação é composta por detalhada análise dos tratados, convenções, organismos, resoluções e decisões judiciais internacionais relacionados ao controle e tentativa de banimento das armas nucleares. A avaliação crítica desses mecanismos jurídicos permite verificar um processo de evolução gradual, semelhante à que é concebida no ensaio de Kant para a obtenção da Paz Perpétua. Assim, apesar de representarem passos concretos rumo à meta do desarmamento nuclear, sendo interessante verificar como esses passos se retroalimentam fomentando bases mais sólidas para a busca desse fim, eles ainda são marcados por graves imperfeições e fragilidades. Com o intuito de compreender mais adequadamente os obstáculos enfrentados para o aprimoramento e pleno funcionamento do aparato jurídico desenvolvido em torno dessa problemática, a pesquisa é complementada pela análise de questões atinentes às Relações Internacionais, por meio da utilização de diversas referências bibliográficas e análise de contextos políticos específicos, possibilitando melhor compreensão de como os elementos políticos interferem para a plena consecução das normas estabelecidas internacionalmente. Essa compreensão é essencial para possibilitar passos adicionais na busca do banimento completo das armas nucleares. This dissertation discusses nuclear disarmament in an attempt to understand the dynamics by which it operates internationally. Limiting its scope to the nuclear issue makes it possible to describe the existing legal and institutional apparatus required to forgo nuclear weapons and, at the same time, identify what are and how behave the obstacles posed against its accomplishment. The research uses as its initial reference Immanuel Kants essay Perpetual Peace, particularly its propositions about overcome shortcomings of the present by means of an evolution guided by morals and reason. Kant establishes foundations that can be useful to gradually strengthen the means to bring about full nuclear disarmament. Thus, this research contextualizes the emergence of nuclear weapons and the ascent of the nuclear age, seeking to assess to what extent these weapons are deleterious to a peaceful international environment. The central part of the dissertation is a detailed evaluation of the international treaties, conventions, organisms, resolutions and judicial decisions related to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, which allows to verify a gradual evolution similar to the one conceived by Kant in order to obtain Perpetual Peace. Despite these developments can be interpreted as concrete steps towards the nuclear disarmament goal, they are still imperfect and fragile. Aiming to understand properly what are the obstacles against theirs full effectiveness, it was also developed an analysis regarding international relations and politics, basing upon relevant authors and specific political backgrounds, allowing a better comprehension of the interferences presented against the total accomplishment of the international norms. This understanding is essential to allow additional steps in pursuit of the complete proscription of nuclear weapons.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Lotufo, Paulo Andrade;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositório Instituc...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Isabela Souza Vardasca;

    O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a alteração de cor superficial, temperatura, transmitância e irradiância de fontes de luz empregadas em alguns protocolos de clareamento em consultório utilizando géis de baixa concentração. Uma amostragem de 90 espécimes de esmalte e dentina de dente humano foi selecionada e distribuída aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: SG-SL (sem gel- sem luz), SG-VIO (somente exposição ao LED violeta), PH35-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 35% - sem luz), PH17,5-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5%), PH6-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6%), PH17,5-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% - com exposição ao LED azul), PH6-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED azul), PH17,5-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% com exposição ao LED violeta) e PH6-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED violeta). Os géis clareadores utilizados foram fornecidos pela FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brasil). O LED azul (AZUL), Whitening Lase White Plus da DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 3 vezes com 3 minutos de ativação e o LED violeta (VIO), Bright Max Whitening da MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 1 ciclo de 20 minutos. A avaliação da cor foi realizada de um baseline, 7, 14 e 21 dias após o início e 14 dias após o término do protocolo de clareamento com o espectrofotômetro. A comparação entre os tempos da alteração de cor foi realizada através das fórmulas: CIEDE2000 e WID (whitness index). A análise da temperatura foi realizada durante o tratamento com um termopar. A transmitância da luz foi avaliada na última semana do tratamento clareador com uma esfera integradora. A irradiância das fontes de luz foi medida com um powermeter. Os valores obtidos para cada teste foram submetidos à análise estatística para determinar a homogeneidade e normalidade da amostra. A partir desta análise, foi escolhido o teste estatístico ANOVA two-way e o contraste de Bonferroni para análise da alteração de cor, e para as análises de temperatura e transmitância o teste ANOVA e o contraste de Tukey. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a irradiância. Como resultado, os grupos PH17,5-AZUL, PH17,5-VIO e PH35-SL apresentaram os melhores resultados de alteracao de cor (E00) sem diferença estatística significativa entre eles. Em relação ao whiteness index (WID), os grupos PH35-SL e PH17,5-VIO apresentaram maiores valores da diferença e não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Nos grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 6%, o LED violeta gerou um clareamento maior comparado ao grupo sem exposição à luz. O mesmo ocorreu quando comparados os grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 17,5%, o LED violeta novamente gerou um clareamento maior que o grupo sem exposição à luz. Todos os protocolos irradiados com fontes de luz apresentaram alteração de temperatura maior de 5,5ºC, exceto o grupo SG-VIO. A fonte de luz AZUL apresentou uma maior transmitância e irradiância em relação ao LED violeta. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o uso do LED violeta associado aos géis clareadores de peróxido de hidrogênio a 6 e 17,5% melhorou o resultado estético comparado aos géis de respectiva concentração sem exposição à luz, porém há um aumento considerável da temperatura. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change of surface color, temperature, transmittance and irradiance of the light source used in bleaching protocols. A sample of 90 human teeth, enamel and dentin specimens, was selected and randomly assigned to 9 groups: SG-SL (no gel-no light), SG-VIO (violet LED exposure only), PH35-SL (hydrogen peroxide 35% - without light), PH17.5-SL (17.5% hydrogen peroxide), PH6-SL (6% hydrogen peroxide), PH17.5-BLUE (17.5% hydrogen peroxide - with blue LED exposure), PH6-BLUE (6% hydrogen peroxide with blue LED exposure), PH17.5-VIO (17.5% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure), and PH6-VIO (6% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure). The bleaching gels used were supplied by FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brazil). The blue LED (BLUE), Whitening Lase White Plus from DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated 3 times with 3 minutes of activation and the violet LED (VIO), Bright Max Whitening from MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated for 1 cycle of 20 minutes. The color evaluation was performed a baseline, 7, 14 and 21 days after the beginning and 14 days after the end of the bleaching protocol using a spectrophotometer. The formulas CIEDE2000 and WID (whitness index) were used to compare the datas of the color evaluation. Temperature analysis was performed during the second session of bleaching treatment with a thermocouple. Light transmittance was evaluated in the last week of the bleaching treatment with an integrating sphere. The irradiance of light sources was measured with a powermeter. The values obtained for each test were submitted to statistical analysis to determine the homogeneity and normality of the sample. From this analysis, the ANOVA two-way statistical test with Bonferroni post-hoc was chosen for the analysis of color change. For analysis temperature and transmittance the ANOVA statistical test with Tukey post-hoc was chosen. The Mann-Whitney test was used for irradiance. As a result, the PH17.5-BLUE, PH17.5-VIO and PH35-SL groups presented the best color change results (E00) with no statistically significant difference between them. Regarding the whiteness index (WID), the groups PH35-SL and PH17.5-VIO showed higher values of difference and there was no statistical difference between them. In the 6% hydrogen peroxide groups, the violet LED generated greater lightening compared to the group without light exposure. The same occurred when comparing the groups with 17.5% hydrogen peroxide, the violet LED again generated a greater lightening than the group without light exposure. All protocols irradiated with light sources showed a temperature change greater than 5.5ºC, except for the SG-VIO group. The BLUE light source showed a higher transmittance and irradiance compared to the violet LED. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of violet LED associated with bleaching gels of hydrogen peroxide at 6 and 17.5% improves the aesthetic result compared to gels of the respective concentration without exposure to light, but there is a considerable increase in temperature.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Biblioteca Digital d...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: CASTRO DOS SANTOS, CARLA MARIA; CUNHA, KARINNE CRISTINNE DA SILVA;

    Este fluxograma foi elaborado e construído durante o mestrado profissional do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Tecnologia no Espaço Hospitalar (PPGSTEH) da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). Objetivo: Elaborar Fluxograma para o atendimento de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas com a finalidade de organizar o serviço e contribuir com a qualidade da assistência prestada. Tipologia/Estratificação do produto: caracterize-se pelo desenvolvimento do produto técnico. Produto acadêmico tipo 3 (manual ou protocolo) / Desenvolvimento de técnica que consiste na elaboração de Fluxograma de atendimento de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células tronco-hematopoiéticas. Método: pesquisa convergente assistencial (PCA) associada à ferramenta de qualidade e melhoria contínua PDCA, desenvolvida em um instituto federal, que atende pacientes oncológicos, exclusivo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O desenvolvimento do Fluxograma foi realizado junto com a aplicação do projeto piloto que durou três meses e atendeu vinte e um pacientes, que foram navegados. Resultados: durante a execução do projeto piloto, constatou-se que não existia um Fluxograma do serviço de Navegação no serviço. Pensando na qualidade dos serviços prestados, o Fluxograma foi elaborado e aprovado junto com a direção da Unidade. Conclusão, aplicabilidade e impacto: O Fluxograma mostra o passo a passo a ser percorrido pelo paciente no serviço, durante sua jornada e sinaliza os pontos de atuação do enfermeiro navegador no serviço e no cuidado ao paciente. A replicação do fluxograma é perfeitamente viável e contribuirá para uma melhor organização do serviço. Palavras-Chave: Programa de Navegação, Enfermeira Navegadora, Transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. O(s) produto(s) técnico-tecnológico(s) apresentado(s) no presente documento são resultado da Dissertação “Desenvolvimento de um programa de navegação para pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas”, apresentação e aprovação em _23__/ _03__/_2023____ como requisito para conclusão do curso de Mestrado Profissional do Programa de Saúde e Tecnologia no Espaço Hospitalar (PPGSTEH/UNIRIO).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Suelen de Barros Sampaio;

    O aumento na demanda mundial por etanol atrelado a preocupações ambientais relacionadas ao desbalanceamento de carbono na atmosfera em decorrência da utilização de combustíveis fósseis, impulsionou o interesse por combustíveis renováveis. O bagaço da cana-de-açúcar é constituído principalmente por lignina, hemicelulose e celulose, estes dois últimos podem ser decompostos e fermentados em etanol. Durante a hidrólise da biomassa lignocelulósica ocorre a ação sinergética de um complexo enzimático para obter os açúcares solúveis fermentáveis, no qual recentes pesquisas têm demonstrado a importância das enzimas oxidorredutases na despolimerização da lignina. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar o fungo filamentoso BBF210, avaliar sua utilização na produção de lacase em meio de cultura contendo bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, purificar e caracterizar a oxidorredutase deste fungo, além de expressar e purificar a enzima lacase recombinante. Por análise de taxonomia clássica e molecular o fungo filamentoso BBF210 foi identificado como produtor de enzimas oxidorredutases, pertencente à espécie Cochliobolus sativus. A análise computacional do genoma de C. sativus, permitiu a identificação do cDNA do gene com 1575 pb, que codifica a putativa enzima lacase de 524 aminoácidos e massa molecular estimada em 57,7 kDa. O gene foi sintetizado e clonado nos vetores (pET, pTrc e pFLAG), para expressão em E. coli. A enzima lacase recombinante foi expressa e purificada. O fungo C. sativus foi avaliado quanto à sua capacidade de produzir oxidorredutases em meio de cultura MSB (caldo de cultura com sais minerais) contendo 0,5% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e os resultados mostraram uma maior atividade da enzima lacase com o substrato ABTS, quando comparado às peroxidases. Após o 7º dia de cultivo a enzima foi precipitada com etanol a 50% e purificada em duas etapas por cromatografia de troca iônica (coluna Q-sepharose). A fração pura de lacase apresentou 3.264,32 U/L e 11,25 U/mg. Os resultados sugerem que a proteína nativa é uma isoenzima com massa molecular de aproximadamente 50 kDa, similar à proteína recombinante, como confirmado em análise por western blot. A atividade de lacase nativa foi determinada com o substrato ABTS por zimograma e espectrofotometria, com as constantes catalíticas Km= 0,094 mM e Vmax= 1,62 mM s-1. O pH e temperatura ótimos da enzima foram determinados como sendo 4,0 e 30ºC, respectivamente, com estabilidade térmica a 30°C e temperatura ideal na faixa entre 10 e 50°C. Sendo a lacase uma oxidorredutase fundamental no processo de degradação da biomassa vegetal, o presente estudo fornece informações sobre a enzima expressa por C. sativus e descreve pela primeira vez a produção, purificação e caracterização da enzima nativa deste fungo. O conhecimento de suas características e propriedades bioquímicas podem ser importantes para investigações científicas mais aprofundadas em torno da identificação e caracterização da enzima e colaborar para a otimização de processos que utilizam oxidases em coquetéis enzimáticos, tanto para a produção de etanol utilizando a metodologia 2G quanto para outros processos biotecnológicos The increase in global demand for ethanol is linked to concerns about carbon imbalance in the atmosphere due to the use of fossil fuels, driven by the interest in renewable energy sources. Sugar cane sugar consists mainly of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, the latter two of which can be broken down and fermented in ethanol. During the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass there is a synergistic action of an enzymatic complex to obtain soluble fermentable sugars, in which recent research has demonstrated the importance of oxidoreductase enzymes in lignin depolymerization. The objective of this study was to identify the filamentous fungus BBF210, to evaluate its use in the production of laccase in a culture medium containing sugarcane bagasse, to purify and characterize the oxidoreductase of this fungus, as well as to express and purify the recombinant lacase enzyme. By classical and molecular taxonomy analysis the filamentous fungus BBF210 was identified as a producer of oxidoreductase enzymes belonging to the species Cochliobolus sativus. The computational analysis of the C. sativus genome allowed the identification of the gene cDNA with 1575 bp, that encodes the putative 524 amino acid laccase enzyme and estimated molecular weight of 57,7 kDa. The gene was synthesized and cloned into vectors (pET, pTrc and pFLAG) for expression in E. coli. A recombinant lacase enzyme was expressed and purified. The fungus C. sativus was evaluated for its ability to produce oxidoreductases in MSB (mineral salts broth) culture medium containing 0,5% sugarcane bagasse and the results showed a higher activity of laccase enzyme with ABTS substrate when compared to peroxidases. After the 7th day of cultivation the enzyme was precipitated with 50% ethanol and purified in two steps of ion exchange chromatography (Q-sepharose column). The pure laccase fraction presented 3,264.32 U/L and 11,25 U/mg. The results suggest that the native protein is a isoenzyme with about 50 kDa, similar to the recombinant protein, as confirmed by western blot analysis. Native laccase activity was determined with ABTS substrate by zymogram and spectrophotometry, with catalytic constants Km = 0.094 mM and Vmax = 1.62 mM s-¹. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were determined as being 4.0 and 30ºC, respectively, with thermal stability at 30°C and ideal temperature in the range between 10 and 50°C. Since laccase is a fundamental oxidoreductase in the degradation process of plant biomass, the present study provides information about enzyme expressed by C. sativus and whose production, purification and characterization of the native enzyme of this fungus is describes for the first time. Knowledge of their biochemical characteristics and properties may be important for further scientific investigations around the identification and characterization of enzymes and for the optimization of processes using enzymatic cocktail with oxidases, both for ethanol production using the 2G methodology and for other biotechnological processes

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    Authors: Rodrigues, Ricardo Ribeiro;
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    Authors: Auer, Wolfgang;

    German fertility rates are far below the replacement level, meaning that its population is projected to shrink. This implies a threat to sustainable economic growth and the stability of the social security system. Thus, fertility behavior is of highest interest for policymakers. Economic research has identified several reasons for the low fertility level, including changes in preferences and values, socioeconomic factors, and institutional settings. As pointed out by Garry Becker in a very simple theoretical model, economic circumstances and, especially, labor market conditions are of major importance in fertility decisions since they determine the opportunity costs of childbearing. The contribution of this dissertation is that it empirically investigates in four stand-alone research papers the socioeconomic consequences arising from economic uncertainty on the labor market. At the aggregate level, Chapter 1 focuses on the short-run effects of local labor market conditions on period fertility measures. The long-run effects on cohort fertility are presented in Chapter 2. At the individual level, Chapter 3 empirically investigates the effects of starting a career with a fixed-term contract on the quantum and timing of fertility whereas Chapter 4 turns the attention to the health consequences of economic uncertainty in early career years. The main findings suggest that economic uncertainty at the individual and aggregate level has a major influence on fertility decisions as well as the mental health status of the young generation (below age 40). However, there is strong evidence for gender-specific effects on both the individual and aggregate level meaning that women react differently to economic uncertainty during the early career years than men do. This has important implications for the policy recommendations: First, a well-designed family-oriented labor market policy should minimize the gender-specific negative consequences of economic uncertainty. Second, it should strive for a more equal distribution of the individual costs associated with flexible labor markets.

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    Authors: Souza-Junior, João B. F;
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    Authors: Vogel, Claire Elisabeth;
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    Authors: Michalsky, Tom;
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    Authors: Wolf Ejzenberg;

    Esta dissertação aborda o tema do desarmamento nuclear, numa tentativa de compreender a dinâmica pela qual o desarmamento se opera em nível internacional. A limitação à questão nuclear permite descrever o aparato jurídico-institucional existente para obter o abandono das armas nucleares e, ao mesmo tempo, identificar quais são e como se manifestam os obstáculos para sua concretização. A pesquisa toma como referência inicial o ensaio À Paz Perpétua, de Immanuel Kant, especialmente por suas proposições para sobrepor imperfeições da realidade atual por meio de uma evolução pautada pela razão e pela moral. No projeto kantiano, o filósofo acaba concebendo bases que podem ser úteis como referência para o fortalecimento gradual do desarmamento nuclear. A pesquisa contextualiza, assim, o surgimento das armas nucleares e a evolução da era nuclear, procurando identificar em que medida sua existência é contrária a um convívio harmonioso internacionalmente. Por se tratar de um trabalho jurídico, a parte central da dissertação é composta por detalhada análise dos tratados, convenções, organismos, resoluções e decisões judiciais internacionais relacionados ao controle e tentativa de banimento das armas nucleares. A avaliação crítica desses mecanismos jurídicos permite verificar um processo de evolução gradual, semelhante à que é concebida no ensaio de Kant para a obtenção da Paz Perpétua. Assim, apesar de representarem passos concretos rumo à meta do desarmamento nuclear, sendo interessante verificar como esses passos se retroalimentam fomentando bases mais sólidas para a busca desse fim, eles ainda são marcados por graves imperfeições e fragilidades. Com o intuito de compreender mais adequadamente os obstáculos enfrentados para o aprimoramento e pleno funcionamento do aparato jurídico desenvolvido em torno dessa problemática, a pesquisa é complementada pela análise de questões atinentes às Relações Internacionais, por meio da utilização de diversas referências bibliográficas e análise de contextos políticos específicos, possibilitando melhor compreensão de como os elementos políticos interferem para a plena consecução das normas estabelecidas internacionalmente. Essa compreensão é essencial para possibilitar passos adicionais na busca do banimento completo das armas nucleares. This dissertation discusses nuclear disarmament in an attempt to understand the dynamics by which it operates internationally. Limiting its scope to the nuclear issue makes it possible to describe the existing legal and institutional apparatus required to forgo nuclear weapons and, at the same time, identify what are and how behave the obstacles posed against its accomplishment. The research uses as its initial reference Immanuel Kants essay Perpetual Peace, particularly its propositions about overcome shortcomings of the present by means of an evolution guided by morals and reason. Kant establishes foundations that can be useful to gradually strengthen the means to bring about full nuclear disarmament. Thus, this research contextualizes the emergence of nuclear weapons and the ascent of the nuclear age, seeking to assess to what extent these weapons are deleterious to a peaceful international environment. The central part of the dissertation is a detailed evaluation of the international treaties, conventions, organisms, resolutions and judicial decisions related to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, which allows to verify a gradual evolution similar to the one conceived by Kant in order to obtain Perpetual Peace. Despite these developments can be interpreted as concrete steps towards the nuclear disarmament goal, they are still imperfect and fragile. Aiming to understand properly what are the obstacles against theirs full effectiveness, it was also developed an analysis regarding international relations and politics, basing upon relevant authors and specific political backgrounds, allowing a better comprehension of the interferences presented against the total accomplishment of the international norms. This understanding is essential to allow additional steps in pursuit of the complete proscription of nuclear weapons.

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    Authors: Lotufo, Paulo Andrade;
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    Authors: Isabela Souza Vardasca;

    O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a alteração de cor superficial, temperatura, transmitância e irradiância de fontes de luz empregadas em alguns protocolos de clareamento em consultório utilizando géis de baixa concentração. Uma amostragem de 90 espécimes de esmalte e dentina de dente humano foi selecionada e distribuída aleatoriamente em 9 grupos: SG-SL (sem gel- sem luz), SG-VIO (somente exposição ao LED violeta), PH35-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 35% - sem luz), PH17,5-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5%), PH6-SL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6%), PH17,5-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% - com exposição ao LED azul), PH6-AZUL (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED azul), PH17,5-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 17,5% com exposição ao LED violeta) e PH6-VIO (peróxido de hidrogênio 6% com exposição ao LED violeta). Os géis clareadores utilizados foram fornecidos pela FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brasil). O LED azul (AZUL), Whitening Lase White Plus da DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 3 vezes com 3 minutos de ativação e o LED violeta (VIO), Bright Max Whitening da MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), foi irradiado por 1 ciclo de 20 minutos. A avaliação da cor foi realizada de um baseline, 7, 14 e 21 dias após o início e 14 dias após o término do protocolo de clareamento com o espectrofotômetro. A comparação entre os tempos da alteração de cor foi realizada através das fórmulas: CIEDE2000 e WID (whitness index). A análise da temperatura foi realizada durante o tratamento com um termopar. A transmitância da luz foi avaliada na última semana do tratamento clareador com uma esfera integradora. A irradiância das fontes de luz foi medida com um powermeter. Os valores obtidos para cada teste foram submetidos à análise estatística para determinar a homogeneidade e normalidade da amostra. A partir desta análise, foi escolhido o teste estatístico ANOVA two-way e o contraste de Bonferroni para análise da alteração de cor, e para as análises de temperatura e transmitância o teste ANOVA e o contraste de Tukey. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para a irradiância. Como resultado, os grupos PH17,5-AZUL, PH17,5-VIO e PH35-SL apresentaram os melhores resultados de alteracao de cor (E00) sem diferença estatística significativa entre eles. Em relação ao whiteness index (WID), os grupos PH35-SL e PH17,5-VIO apresentaram maiores valores da diferença e não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Nos grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 6%, o LED violeta gerou um clareamento maior comparado ao grupo sem exposição à luz. O mesmo ocorreu quando comparados os grupos com peróxido de hidrogênio a 17,5%, o LED violeta novamente gerou um clareamento maior que o grupo sem exposição à luz. Todos os protocolos irradiados com fontes de luz apresentaram alteração de temperatura maior de 5,5ºC, exceto o grupo SG-VIO. A fonte de luz AZUL apresentou uma maior transmitância e irradiância em relação ao LED violeta. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o uso do LED violeta associado aos géis clareadores de peróxido de hidrogênio a 6 e 17,5% melhorou o resultado estético comparado aos géis de respectiva concentração sem exposição à luz, porém há um aumento considerável da temperatura. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change of surface color, temperature, transmittance and irradiance of the light source used in bleaching protocols. A sample of 90 human teeth, enamel and dentin specimens, was selected and randomly assigned to 9 groups: SG-SL (no gel-no light), SG-VIO (violet LED exposure only), PH35-SL (hydrogen peroxide 35% - without light), PH17.5-SL (17.5% hydrogen peroxide), PH6-SL (6% hydrogen peroxide), PH17.5-BLUE (17.5% hydrogen peroxide - with blue LED exposure), PH6-BLUE (6% hydrogen peroxide with blue LED exposure), PH17.5-VIO (17.5% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure), and PH6-VIO (6% hydrogen peroxide with violet LED exposure). The bleaching gels used were supplied by FGM Produtos Odontológicos (Joinville, SC, Brazil). The blue LED (BLUE), Whitening Lase White Plus from DMC (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated 3 times with 3 minutes of activation and the violet LED (VIO), Bright Max Whitening from MMoptics (São Carlos, São Paulo), was irradiated for 1 cycle of 20 minutes. The color evaluation was performed a baseline, 7, 14 and 21 days after the beginning and 14 days after the end of the bleaching protocol using a spectrophotometer. The formulas CIEDE2000 and WID (whitness index) were used to compare the datas of the color evaluation. Temperature analysis was performed during the second session of bleaching treatment with a thermocouple. Light transmittance was evaluated in the last week of the bleaching treatment with an integrating sphere. The irradiance of light sources was measured with a powermeter. The values obtained for each test were submitted to statistical analysis to determine the homogeneity and normality of the sample. From this analysis, the ANOVA two-way statistical test with Bonferroni post-hoc was chosen for the analysis of color change. For analysis temperature and transmittance the ANOVA statistical test with Tukey post-hoc was chosen. The Mann-Whitney test was used for irradiance. As a result, the PH17.5-BLUE, PH17.5-VIO and PH35-SL groups presented the best color change results (E00) with no statistically significant difference between them. Regarding the whiteness index (WID), the groups PH35-SL and PH17.5-VIO showed higher values of difference and there was no statistical difference between them. In the 6% hydrogen peroxide groups, the violet LED generated greater lightening compared to the group without light exposure. The same occurred when comparing the groups with 17.5% hydrogen peroxide, the violet LED again generated a greater lightening than the group without light exposure. All protocols irradiated with light sources showed a temperature change greater than 5.5ºC, except for the SG-VIO group. The BLUE light source showed a higher transmittance and irradiance compared to the violet LED. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of violet LED associated with bleaching gels of hydrogen peroxide at 6 and 17.5% improves the aesthetic result compared to gels of the respective concentration without exposure to light, but there is a considerable increase in temperature.

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    Authors: CASTRO DOS SANTOS, CARLA MARIA; CUNHA, KARINNE CRISTINNE DA SILVA;

    Este fluxograma foi elaborado e construído durante o mestrado profissional do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Tecnologia no Espaço Hospitalar (PPGSTEH) da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). Objetivo: Elaborar Fluxograma para o atendimento de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas com a finalidade de organizar o serviço e contribuir com a qualidade da assistência prestada. Tipologia/Estratificação do produto: caracterize-se pelo desenvolvimento do produto técnico. Produto acadêmico tipo 3 (manual ou protocolo) / Desenvolvimento de técnica que consiste na elaboração de Fluxograma de atendimento de pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células tronco-hematopoiéticas. Método: pesquisa convergente assistencial (PCA) associada à ferramenta de qualidade e melhoria contínua PDCA, desenvolvida em um instituto federal, que atende pacientes oncológicos, exclusivo do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O desenvolvimento do Fluxograma foi realizado junto com a aplicação do projeto piloto que durou três meses e atendeu vinte e um pacientes, que foram navegados. Resultados: durante a execução do projeto piloto, constatou-se que não existia um Fluxograma do serviço de Navegação no serviço. Pensando na qualidade dos serviços prestados, o Fluxograma foi elaborado e aprovado junto com a direção da Unidade. Conclusão, aplicabilidade e impacto: O Fluxograma mostra o passo a passo a ser percorrido pelo paciente no serviço, durante sua jornada e sinaliza os pontos de atuação do enfermeiro navegador no serviço e no cuidado ao paciente. A replicação do fluxograma é perfeitamente viável e contribuirá para uma melhor organização do serviço. Palavras-Chave: Programa de Navegação, Enfermeira Navegadora, Transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. O(s) produto(s) técnico-tecnológico(s) apresentado(s) no presente documento são resultado da Dissertação “Desenvolvimento de um programa de navegação para pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas”, apresentação e aprovação em _23__/ _03__/_2023____ como requisito para conclusão do curso de Mestrado Profissional do Programa de Saúde e Tecnologia no Espaço Hospitalar (PPGSTEH/UNIRIO).

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    Authors: Suelen de Barros Sampaio;

    O aumento na demanda mundial por etanol atrelado a preocupações ambientais relacionadas ao desbalanceamento de carbono na atmosfera em decorrência da utilização de combustíveis fósseis, impulsionou o interesse por combustíveis renováveis. O bagaço da cana-de-açúcar é constituído principalmente por lignina, hemicelulose e celulose, estes dois últimos podem ser decompostos e fermentados em etanol. Durante a hidrólise da biomassa lignocelulósica ocorre a ação sinergética de um complexo enzimático para obter os açúcares solúveis fermentáveis, no qual recentes pesquisas têm demonstrado a importância das enzimas oxidorredutases na despolimerização da lignina. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar o fungo filamentoso BBF210, avaliar sua utilização na produção de lacase em meio de cultura contendo bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, purificar e caracterizar a oxidorredutase deste fungo, além de expressar e purificar a enzima lacase recombinante. Por análise de taxonomia clássica e molecular o fungo filamentoso BBF210 foi identificado como produtor de enzimas oxidorredutases, pertencente à espécie Cochliobolus sativus. A análise computacional do genoma de C. sativus, permitiu a identificação do cDNA do gene com 1575 pb, que codifica a putativa enzima lacase de 524 aminoácidos e massa molecular estimada em 57,7 kDa. O gene foi sintetizado e clonado nos vetores (pET, pTrc e pFLAG), para expressão em E. coli. A enzima lacase recombinante foi expressa e purificada. O fungo C. sativus foi avaliado quanto à sua capacidade de produzir oxidorredutases em meio de cultura MSB (caldo de cultura com sais minerais) contendo 0,5% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e os resultados mostraram uma maior atividade da enzima lacase com o substrato ABTS, quando comparado às peroxidases. Após o 7º dia de cultivo a enzima foi precipitada com etanol a 50% e purificada em duas etapas por cromatografia de troca iônica (coluna Q-sepharose). A fração pura de lacase apresentou 3.264,32 U/L e 11,25 U/mg. Os resultados sugerem que a proteína nativa é uma isoenzima com massa molecular de aproximadamente 50 kDa, similar à proteína recombinante, como confirmado em análise por western blot. A atividade de lacase nativa foi determinada com o substrato ABTS por zimograma e espectrofotometria, com as constantes catalíticas Km= 0,094 mM e Vmax= 1,62 mM s-1. O pH e temperatura ótimos da enzima foram determinados como sendo 4,0 e 30ºC, respectivamente, com estabilidade térmica a 30°C e temperatura ideal na faixa entre 10 e 50°C. Sendo a lacase uma oxidorredutase fundamental no processo de degradação da biomassa vegetal, o presente estudo fornece informações sobre a enzima expressa por C. sativus e descreve pela primeira vez a produção, purificação e caracterização da enzima nativa deste fungo. O conhecimento de suas características e propriedades bioquímicas podem ser importantes para investigações científicas mais aprofundadas em torno da identificação e caracterização da enzima e colaborar para a otimização de processos que utilizam oxidases em coquetéis enzimáticos, tanto para a produção de etanol utilizando a metodologia 2G quanto para outros processos biotecnológicos The increase in global demand for ethanol is linked to concerns about carbon imbalance in the atmosphere due to the use of fossil fuels, driven by the interest in renewable energy sources. Sugar cane sugar consists mainly of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, the latter two of which can be broken down and fermented in ethanol. During the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass there is a synergistic action of an enzymatic complex to obtain soluble fermentable sugars, in which recent research has demonstrated the importance of oxidoreductase enzymes in lignin depolymerization. The objective of this study was to identify the filamentous fungus BBF210, to evaluate its use in the production of laccase in a culture medium containing sugarcane bagasse, to purify and characterize the oxidoreductase of this fungus, as well as to express and purify the recombinant lacase enzyme. By classical and molecular taxonomy analysis the filamentous fungus BBF210 was identified as a producer of oxidoreductase enzymes belonging to the species Cochliobolus sativus. The computational analysis of the C. sativus genome allowed the identification of the gene cDNA with 1575 bp, that encodes the putative 524 amino acid laccase enzyme and estimated molecular weight of 57,7 kDa. The gene was synthesized and cloned into vectors (pET, pTrc and pFLAG) for expression in E. coli. A recombinant lacase enzyme was expressed and purified. The fungus C. sativus was evaluated for its ability to produce oxidoreductases in MSB (mineral salts broth) culture medium containing 0,5% sugarcane bagasse and the results showed a higher activity of laccase enzyme with ABTS substrate when compared to peroxidases. After the 7th day of cultivation the enzyme was precipitated with 50% ethanol and purified in two steps of ion exchange chromatography (Q-sepharose column). The pure laccase fraction presented 3,264.32 U/L and 11,25 U/mg. The results suggest that the native protein is a isoenzyme with about 50 kDa, similar to the recombinant protein, as confirmed by western blot analysis. Native laccase activity was determined with ABTS substrate by zymogram and spectrophotometry, with catalytic constants Km = 0.094 mM and Vmax = 1.62 mM s-¹. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were determined as being 4.0 and 30ºC, respectively, with thermal stability at 30°C and ideal temperature in the range between 10 and 50°C. Since laccase is a fundamental oxidoreductase in the degradation process of plant biomass, the present study provides information about enzyme expressed by C. sativus and whose production, purification and characterization of the native enzyme of this fungus is describes for the first time. Knowledge of their biochemical characteristics and properties may be important for further scientific investigations around the identification and characterization of enzymes and for the optimization of processes using enzymatic cocktail with oxidases, both for ethanol production using the 2G methodology and for other biotechnological processes

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    Authors: Rodrigues, Ricardo Ribeiro;
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