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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Battersby, Mary;
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Trinity's Access to ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Pfaff, Cathrin; Martin, Thomas; Ruf, Irina;

    The semicircular canals (SCs) of the inner ear detect angular acceleration and are located in the bony labyrinth of the petrosal bone. Based on high-resolution computed tomography, we created a size-independent database of the bony labyrinth of 50 mammalian species especially rodents of the squirrel-related clade comprising taxa with fossorial, arboreal and gliding adaptations. Our sampling also includes gliding marsupials, actively flying bats, the arboreal tree shrew and subterranean species. The morphometric anatomy of the SCs was correlated to the locomotion mode. Even if the phylogenetic signal cannot entirely be excluded, the main significance for functional morphological studies has been found in the diameter of the SCs, whereas the radius of curvature is of minor interest. Additionally, we found clear differences in the bias angle of the canals between subterranean and gliding taxa, but also between sciurids and glirids. The sensitivity of the inner ear correlates with the locomotion mode, with a higher sensitivity of the SCs in fossorial species than in flying taxa. We conclude that the inner ear of flying and gliding mammals is less sensitive due to the large information flow into this sense organ during locomotion. suppl01_dataset bony labyrinth_Pfaff ETALRaw data and measurements of the investigated specimenssuppl02_taxa scan informationInformation of the investigated specimens and the respective CT scans

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS-EASYarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DANS-EASY
    Dataset . 2015
    Data sources: B2FIND
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    NARCIS; DRYAD; ZENODO
    Dataset . 2015
    License: CC 0
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DANS-EASYarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DANS-EASY
      Dataset . 2015
      Data sources: B2FIND
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      NARCIS; DRYAD; ZENODO
      Dataset . 2015
      License: CC 0
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bigari, Angelo Maria; Turner, Joseph Reverend;

    'This is a copy of Angelo Maria Bigari's drawing seen on 2122 TX (3) 30, see cgjc1170. An inscription that accompanies this image is as follows: "Tristernagh which in Irish means a place of thorns or briers was built (Henry II) by Geoffrey de Constanton and at dissolution was given to the Piers family. In 1780 the steeple was 74 feet high. Not a vestige now remains (1875)". The drawing is a view of the 13th century Augustinian priory of Tristernagh, County Westmeath, Ireland, showing the nave in the centre. The abbey is dominated by the tower which rises above its arches into an octagon shape. The text accompanying the engraving in Grose's Antiquities tells us that the building was demolished in 1783, so Bigari only got there just in time. It is difficult to determine what the nature of the ceremony to the right of the picture is. This ceremony shows people dancing around a person standing on a dais, holding in his arms a pole, possibly with a figure on top.' (www.nli.ie)

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Brocas, William (Irish artist, ca.1794-1868);
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Trinity's Access to ...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Trinity's Access to ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wang, Yan; Yao, Zhisheng; Zheng, Xunhua; Subramaniam, Logapragasan; +1 Authors

    Nitrogen (N)-fertilizer application to agricultural soils results in substantial emissions of nitric oxide (NO), a key substance in tropospheric chemistry involved in climate forcing and air pollution. However, estimates of global cropland NO emissions remain uncertain due to a lack of information on direct NO emission factors (EFds) of applied N for variours cropping systems at seasonal or annual scales. Here we quantified the crop-specific seasonal and annual-scale NO EFds through synthesizing 1094 measurements from 125 field-based studies worldwide. The global mean crop-specific seasonal EFd was 0.53%, with the highest for vegetables (0.75%). Among cereal crops, the EFd of maize (0.45%) or wheat (0.47%) was about three-times higher than for rice (0.12%). At annual scale, the mean EFd across all cropping systems was 0.58%, with tea plantations having the highest (1.54%). For other cropping systems, the annual-scale EFds ranged from 0.02% to 1.07%. Besides crop type, also soil organic carbon, total N and pH as well as N fertilizer type were the main factors explaining the variations of NO EFds. Based on obtained specific EFds for each crop type, we estimated that NO emissions due to the use of synthetic fertilizers from global croplands are about 0.42–0.62 Tg N yr−1. Our budgets are relatively lower if compared to estimates derived by the use of IPCC defaults for NO emissions (0.72–1.66 Tg N yr−1) or reported elsewhere (0.67–1.04 Tg N yr−1). In our estimates, cash crops (vegetable, tea and orchard), which cover only 9% of the world cropland area, contributed about 31% to total NO emissions from global fertilized croplands. Overall, our meta-analysis provides improved crop-specific NO EFds reflecting current stage of knowledge. The work also highlights the relative importance of cash crop production as sources for atmospheric NO, i.e., agricultural systems on which mitigation efforts may focus.

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    DRYAD; ZENODO
    Dataset . 2022
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DRYAD; ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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      DRYAD; ZENODO
      Dataset . 2022
      License: CC 0
      Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nuotclà, Jon Andreja; Biedermann, Peter; Taborsky, Michael;

    Social immunity – the collective behavioural defences against pathogens - is considered a crucial evolutionary force for the maintenance of insect societies. It has been described and investigated primarily in eusocial insects, but its role in the evolutionary trajectory from parental care to eusociality is little understood. Here, we report on the existence, plasticity, effectiveness and consequences of social pathogen defence in experimental nests of cooperatively breeding ambrosia beetles. After an Aspergillus-spore-buffer solution or a control buffer solution had been injected in laboratory nests, totipotent adult female workers increased their activity and hygienic behaviours like allogrooming and cannibalism. Such social immune responses had not been described for any non-eusocial, cooperatively breeding insect before. Removal of beetles from Aspergillus-treated nests in a paired experimental design revealed that the hygienic behaviours of beetles significantly reduced pathogen prevalence in the nest. Furthermore, in response to pathogen injections, female helpers delayed dispersal and thus prolonged their cooperative phase within their mother’s nest. Our findings of appropriate social responses to an experimental immune challenge in a cooperatively breeding beetle corroborate the view that social immunity is not an exclusive attribute of eusocial insects, but rather a concomitant and presumably important feature in the evolutionary transitions towards complex social organization. Dataset containes all the raw data that where used for the paper "Pathogen defence is a potential driver of social evolution in ambrosia beetles" published in Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences. Descriptive file is included in upload.

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    ZENODO; DRYAD
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODO; DRYADarrow_drop_down
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      ZENODO; DRYAD
      Dataset . 2019
      License: CC 0
      Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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    Authors: Giesecke, Yvonne; Asimi, Vahid; Stulberg, Valentina; Kleinau, Gunnar; +3 Authors

    Numerical dataset for the manuscript by Giesecke et al., Is the neuropeptide PEN a ligand of GPR83?

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2023
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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    1 print : col. Scholarly notes may be added at a later date.

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    Authors: Hu, Zijuan; Zhang, Chongyuan; Zhang, Lei; Elsworth, Derek; +4 Authors

    Zijuan Hu, Chongyuan Zhang, Lei Zhang, Derek Elsworth, Quan Gan, Huiru Lei, Manchao He, Leihua Yao. Frictional Properties of Feldspar-chlorite Altered Gouges and Implications for Fault Reactivation in Hydrothermal Systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. Data S1 The shear displacement and frictional coefficient data for all friction experiments on simulated feldspar and feldspar/chlorite mixed gouges. Authors Zijuan Hu School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China Chongyuan Zhang Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China Lei Zhang State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China Derek Elsworth Energy and Mineral Engineering, EMS Energy Institute and G3 Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA Quan Gan School of resources and safety engineering, Chongqing university, Chongqing 400044, China Huiru Lei State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China Manchao He School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China Leihua Yao School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China ### File lists (files found within DataS1.zip) Hu_et_al_2023_CK-01.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-02.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-03.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-04.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-05.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-06.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-07.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-08.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-09.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-10.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-11.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-12.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-13.xlsx Hu_et_al_2023_CK-14.xlsx ### File description Hu_et_al_2023_CK-01.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-01 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 180°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-02.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-02 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 90MPa and temperature of 180°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-03.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-03 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 400°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-04.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-04 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 300°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-05.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-05 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 400°C). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-06.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-06 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 300°C). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-07.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-07 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 180°C). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-08.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-08 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 120°C). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-09.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-09 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 35MPa and temperature of 120°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-10.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-10 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 90MPa and temperature of 180°C). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-11.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-11 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 50MPa and temperature of 180°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-12.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-12 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 50MPa and temperature of 180°C). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-13.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-13 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 70MPa and temperature of 180°C, mixed gouges). Hu_et_al_2023_CK-14.xlsx: C The shear displacement (column 1) and frictional coefficient (column 2) data for Experiment CK-14 (confining pressure of 95MPa, pore pressure of 70MPa and temperature of 180°C). As particularly common minerals in granites, the presence of feldspar and altered feldspar-chlorite gouges at hydrothermal conditions have important implications in fault strength and reactivation. We present laboratory observations of frictional strength and stability of feldspar (K-feldspar and albite) and altered feldspar-chlorite gouges under conditions representative of deep geothermal reservoirs to evaluate the impact on fault stability. Velocity-stepping experiments are performed at a confining stress of 95 MPa, pore pressures of 35–90 MPa and temperatures of 120–400°C representative of in situ conditions for such reservoirs. Our experiment results show that the feldspar gouge is frictionally strong (μ~0.71) at all experimental temperatures (~120–400℃) but transitions from velocity-strengthening to velocity-weakening at T>120°C. Increasing the pore pressure increases the friction coefficient (~0.70-0.87) and the gouge remains velocity weakening, but this weakening decreases as pore pressures increase. The presence of alteration-sourced chlorite leads to a transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening in the mixed gouge at experimental temperatures and pore pressures. As a ubiquitous mineral in reservoir rocks, feldspar is shown to potentially contribute to unstable sliding over ranges in temperature and pressure typical in deep hydrothermal reservoirs. These findings emphasize that feldspar minerals may increase the potential for injection-induced seismicity on pre-existing faults if devoid of chlorite alteration.

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    DRYAD; ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
    License: CC 0
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    Authors: Porto, Lucas; Machado, Arielli;

    Aim: Understanding the spatial structuring of ecological communities requires us to consider the interplay between evolutionary history and environmental factors. In this study, we investigated the influence of Canidae phylogenetic structure on the distribution and trait patterns of lineages across the planet. Location: Americas, Africa, Eurasia. Time period: 12 million years ago - present. Major taxa studied: Canidae. Methods: Using distribution data and phylogenetic information for 37 Canidae species, we employed phylogenetic fuzzy-weighting to compare assemblages based on their phylogenetic similarity. Results: Our results revealed distinct global patterns of body size, body mass, range size, habitat type, and evolutionary distinctiveness among lineages. We also identified the shared contributions of phylogenetic structure and temperature to trait variation using variance partitioning analysis. The PCPS axes highlighted the influence of phylogenetic relationships on Canidae assemblages, particularly in South America. Main conclusions: Notably, the study challenges the applicability of Bergmann's and Rapoport's rules in explaining canids' sizes and range sizes geographic variation across continents, emphasizing the importance of phylogenetic information. The unique diversification history of Canidae in South America and Africa and their diverse environmental conditions likely contribute to the observed trait patterns that make both continents so distinguished when compared to N. America and Eurasia. Our findings underscore the need to incorporate phylogenetic information in models assessing trait variation across geographic scales for unbiased estimations.

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    ZENODO; DRYAD
    Dataset . 2023
    License: CC 0
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      ZENODO; DRYAD
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    Authors: Battersby, Mary;
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    Authors: Pfaff, Cathrin; Martin, Thomas; Ruf, Irina;

    The semicircular canals (SCs) of the inner ear detect angular acceleration and are located in the bony labyrinth of the petrosal bone. Based on high-resolution computed tomography, we created a size-independent database of the bony labyrinth of 50 mammalian species especially rodents of the squirrel-related clade comprising taxa with fossorial, arboreal and gliding adaptations. Our sampling also includes gliding marsupials, actively flying bats, the arboreal tree shrew and subterranean species. The morphometric anatomy of the SCs was correlated to the locomotion mode. Even if the phylogenetic signal cannot entirely be excluded, the main significance for functional morphological studies has been found in the diameter of the SCs, whereas the radius of curvature is of minor interest. Additionally, we found clear differences in the bias angle of the canals between subterranean and gliding taxa, but also between sciurids and glirids. The sensitivity of the inner ear correlates with the locomotion mode, with a higher sensitivity of the SCs in fossorial species than in flying taxa. We conclude that the inner ear of flying and gliding mammals is less sensitive due to the large information flow into this sense organ during locomotion. suppl01_dataset bony labyrinth_Pfaff ETALRaw data and measurements of the investigated specimenssuppl02_taxa scan informationInformation of the investigated specimens and the respective CT scans

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    NARCIS; DRYAD; ZENODO
    Dataset . 2015
    License: CC 0
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      NARCIS; DRYAD; ZENODO
      Dataset . 2015
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    Authors: Bigari, Angelo Maria; Turner, Joseph Reverend;

    'This is a copy of Angelo Maria Bigari's drawing seen on 2122 TX (3) 30, see cgjc1170. An inscription that accompanies this image is as follows: "Tristernagh which in Irish means a place of thorns or briers was built (Henry II) by Geoffrey de Constanton and at dissolution was given to the Piers family. In 1780 the steeple was 74 feet high. Not a vestige now remains (1875)". The drawing is a view of the 13th century Augustinian priory of Tristernagh, County Westmeath, Ireland, showing the nave in the centre. The abbey is dominated by the tower which rises above its arches into an octagon shape. The text accompanying the engraving in Grose's Antiquities tells us that the building was demolished in 1783, so Bigari only got there just in time. It is difficult to determine what the nature of the ceremony to the right of the picture is. This ceremony shows people dancing around a person standing on a dais, holding in his arms a pole, possibly with a figure on top.' (www.nli.ie)

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    Authors: Brocas, William (Irish artist, ca.1794-1868);
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    Authors: Wang, Yan; Yao, Zhisheng; Zheng, Xunhua; Subramaniam, Logapragasan; +1 Authors

    Nitrogen (N)-fertilizer application to agricultural soils results in substantial emissions of nitric oxide (NO), a key substance in tropospheric chemistry involved in climate forcing and air pollution. However, estimates of global cropland NO emissions remain uncertain due to a lack of information on direct NO emission factors (EFds) of applied N for variours cropping systems at seasonal or annual scales. Here we quantified the crop-specific seasonal and annual-scale NO EFds through synthesizing 1094 measurements from 125 field-based studies worldwide. The global mean crop-specific seasonal EFd was 0.53%, with the highest for vegetables (0.75%). Among cereal crops, the EFd of maize (0.45%) or wheat (0.47%) was about three-times higher than for rice (0.12%). At annual scale, the mean EFd across all cropping systems was 0.58%, with tea plantations having the highest (1.54%). For other cropping systems, the annual-scale EFds ranged from 0.02% to 1.07%. Besides crop type, also soil organic carbon, total N and pH as well as N fertilizer type were the main factors explaining the variations of NO EFds. Based on obtained specific EFds for each crop type, we estimated that NO emissions due to the use of synthetic fertilizers from global croplands are about 0.42–0.62 Tg N yr−1. Our budgets are relatively lower if compared to estimates derived by the use of IPCC defaults for NO emissions (0.72–1.66 Tg N yr−1) or reported elsewhere (0.67–1.04 Tg N yr−1). In our estimates, cash crops (vegetable, tea and orchard), which cover only 9% of the world cropland area, contributed about 31% to total NO emissions from global fertilized croplands. Overall, our meta-analysis provides improved crop-specific NO EFds reflecting current stage of knowledge. The work also highlights the relative importance of cash crop production as sources for atmospheric NO, i.e., agricultural systems on which mitigation efforts may focus.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DRYAD; ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    DRYAD; ZENODO
    Dataset . 2022
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DRYAD; ZENODOarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DRYAD; ZENODO
      Dataset . 2022
      License: CC 0
      Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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    Authors: Nuotclà, Jon Andreja; Biedermann, Peter; Taborsky, Michael;

    Social immunity – the collective behavioural defences against pathogens - is considered a crucial evolutionary force for the maintenance of insect societies. It has been described and investigated primarily in eusocial insects, but its role in the evolutionary trajectory from parental care to eusociality is little understood. Here, we report on the existence, plasticity, effectiveness and consequences of social pathogen defence in experimental nests of cooperatively breeding ambrosia beetles. After an Aspergillus-spore-buffer solution or a control buffer solution had been injected in laboratory nests, totipotent adult female workers increased their activity and hygienic behaviours like allogrooming and cannibalism. Such social immune responses had not been described for any non-eusocial, cooperatively breeding insect before. Removal of beetles from Aspergillus-treated nests in a paired experimental design revealed that the hygienic behaviours of beetles significantly reduced pathogen prevalence in the nest. Furthermore, in response to pathogen injections, female helpers delayed dispersal and thus prolonged their cooperative phase within their mother’s nest. Our findings of appropriate social responses to an experimental immune challenge in a cooperatively breeding beetle corroborate the view that social immunity is not an exclusive attribute of eusocial insects, but rather a concomitant and presumably important feature in the evolutionary transitions towards complex social organization. Dataset containes all the raw data that where used for the paper "Pathogen defence is a potential driver of social evolution in ambrosia beetles" published in Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences. Descriptive file is included in upload.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODO; DRYADarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO; DRYAD
    Dataset . 2019
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: ZENODO; Datacite
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