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The Nekton Maldives Taxonomic Workshop took place at the Maniyafushi Research Station in the Maldives between 12 and 23 February 2023. This workshop had two primary objectives. Firstly, it aimed to identify species from biological samples and underwater imagery collected during the Nekton Maldives Mission in 2022. Secondly, it sought to facilitate training and knowledge exchange sessions between early career researchers from the Maldives and international taxonomists. These sessions were designed to share knowledge and introduce fundamental taxonomy concepts and enhance practical identification skills for common reef benthic groups and major zooplankton taxonomic groups. A total of 24 people from 10 different countries were directly or indirectly involved with the workshop comprising nine taxonomic experts, eleven trainees and four organisers. Collectively, we identified 278 biological specimens including potentially undescribed species of hydroids, black corals, sponges and octocorals, 318 morphotypes for underwater footage and zooplankton composition congruent with previous reports from the Indian Ocean Region. Next steps will involve depositing the specimens into a more a permanent facility to facilitate the process of specimen description and knowledge transfer.

Despite being an abundant group of significant ecological importance the phylogenetic relationships of the Octocorallia remain poorly understood and very much understudied. We used 1132 bp of two mitochondrial protein-coding genes, nad2 and mtMutS (previously referred to as msh1), to construct a phylogeny for 161 octocoral specimens from the Atlantic, including both Isididae and non-Isididae species. We found that four clades were supported using a concatenated alignment. Two of these (A and B) were in general agreement with the of Holaxonia–Alcyoniina and Anthomastus–Corallium clades identified by previous work. The third and fourth clades represent a split of the Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea clade resulting in a clade containing the Pennatulacea and a small number of Isididae specimens and a second clade containing the remaining Calcaxonia. When individual genes were considered nad2 largely agreed with previous work with MtMutS also producing a fourth clade corresponding to a split of Isididae species from the Calcaxonia–Pennatulacea clade. It is expected these difference are a consequence of the inclusion of Isisdae species that have undergone a gene inversion in the mtMutS gene causing their separation in the MtMutS only tree. The fourth clade in the concatenated tree is also suspected to be a result of this gene inversion, as there were very few Isidiae species included in previous work tree and thus this separation would not be clearly resolved. A~larger phylogeny including both Isididae and non Isididae species is required to further resolve these clades.

The extending record of ocean colour derived information, an important asset for the study of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry, presently relies on individual satellite missions launched by several space agencies with differences in sensor design, calibration strategies and algorithms. In this study we present an extensive comparative analysis of standard products obtained from operational global ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS, MERIS, MODIS-Aqua, MODIS-Terra), on both global and regional scales. The analysis is based on monthly mean chlorophyll a (Chl-a) sea surface concentration between 2002 and 2009. Based on global statistics, the Chl-a records appear relatively consistent. The root mean square (RMS) difference Δ between (log-transformed) Chl-a from SeaWiFS and MODIS Aqua amounts to 0.137, with a bias of 0.074 (SeaWiFS Chl-a higher). The difference between these two products and MERIS Chl-a is approximately 0.15. Restricting the analysis to 2007 only, Δ between MODIS Aqua and Terra is 0.142. This global convergence is significantly modulated regionally. Statistics for biogeographic provinces representing a partition of the global ocean, show Δ values varying between 0.08 and 0.3. High latitude regions, as well as coastal and shelf provinces are generally the areas with the largest differences. Moreover, RMS differences and biases are modulated in time, with a coefficient of variation of Δ varying between 10% and 40%, with clear seasonal patterns in some provinces. The comparison of the province-averaged time series obtained from the various satellite products also shows a level of agreement that is geographically variable. Overall, the Chl-a SeaWiFS and MODIS Aqua series appear to have similar levels of variance and display high correlation coefficients, an agreement likely favoured by the common elements shared by the two missions. These results are degraded if the MERIS series is compared to either SeaWiFS or MODIS Aqua. An important outcome of the study is that the results of the inter-comparison analysis are variable with time and location, and therefore globally averaged statistics are not necessarily applicable on a seasonal or regional basis.

We develop and implement a new method to take into account the impact of waves into the 3-D circulation model SYMPHONIE (Marsaleix et al., 2008, 2009a) following the simplified equations of Bennis et al. (2011) which use glm2z-RANS theory (Ardhuin et al., 2008c). These adiabatic equations are completed by additional parameterizations of wave breaking, bottom friction and wave-enhanced vertical mixing, making the forcing valid from the surf zone through to the open ocean. The wave forcing is performed by wave generation and propagation models WAVEWATCH III® (Tolman, 2008, 2009; Ardhuin et al., 2010) and SWAN (Booij et al., 1999). The model is tested and compared with other models for a plane beach test case, previously tested by Haas and Warner (2009)and Uchiyama et al. (2010). A comparison is also made with the laboratory measurements of Haller et al. (2002) of a barred beach with channels. Results fit with previous simulations performed by other models and with available observational data. Finally, a realistic case is simulated with energetic waves travelling over a coast of the Gulf of Lion (in the northwest of the Mediterranean Sea) for which currents are available at different depths as well as an accurate bathymetric database of the 0–10 m depth range. A grid nesting approach is used to account for the different forcings acting at different spatial scales. The simulation coupling the effects of waves and currents is successful to reproduce the powerful northward littoral drift in the 0–15 m depth zone. More precisely, two distinct cases are identified: When waves have a normal angle of incidence with the coast, they are responsible for complex circulation cells and rip currents in the surf zone, and when they travel obliquely, they generate a northward littoral drift. These features are more complicated than in the test cases, due to the complex bathymetry and the consideration of wind and non-stationary processes. Wave impacts in the inner shelf are less visible since wind and regional circulation seem to be the predominant forcings. Besides, a discrepancy between model and observations is noted at that scale, possibly linked to an underestimation of the wind stress. This three-dimensional method allows a good representation of vertical current profiles and permits the calculation of the shear stress associated with waves and currents. Future work will focus on the combination with a sediment transport model.

O colágeno é uma proteína de função estrutural presente nas peles de pescado, sendo que a partir de sua hidrólise parcial pode ser obtida a gelatina. A gelatina pode atuar como matriz polimérica na elaboração de filmes para aplicação em produtos alimentícios, o que se apresenta como uma alternativa à utilização de polímeros sintéticos derivados do petróleo e, portanto, poluentes. Além disso, a gelatina de pescado pode ser obtida devido à abundância de subprodutos de pescado produzidos pelas indústrias e ao seu baixo valor agregado. Em face disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar filmes utilizando gelatina extraída a partir de peles de pescada-olhuda (Cynoscion guatucupa), a fim de desenvolver embalagens biodegradáveis para alimentos. Foi elaborado um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 22, onde foram estudadas as condições de tempo e temperatura de extração da gelatina de peles de pescada-olhuda. As diferentes gelatinas extraídas foram utilizadas na elaboração de filmes através da técnica de casting com adição de 3 % de gelatina e 30 % de glicerol, os quais foram avaliados mediante as análises de espessura, diferença total de cor e opacidade, resistência à tração e alongamento na ruptura, solubilidade em água e permeabilidade ao vapor de água, sendo estas as respostas submetidas à análise de efeitos do planejamento, além do rendimento global das extrações de gelatina. Em seguida, o filme escolhido foi avaliado quanto à sua morfologia e propriedades térmicas, bem como seu potencial de biodegradabilidade no solo. Além disso, o mesmo foi utilizado no revestimento de filés de tainha (Mugil liza) para acompanhamento de sua estabilidade ao longo de 0, 3, 6 e 9 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, comparado com filés sem revestimento e revestidos com filme comercial de PVC, sendo submetidos a análises de perda de massa, diferença total de cor e de textura para cada dia de armazenamento. A partir do planejamento experimental elaborado, não foi possível verificar influência das condições de extração das gelatinas tanto no rendimento global quanto nos filmes testados, sendo assim os mesmos foram avaliados mediante teste de comparação das médias, e o filme que se destacou foi o obtido no EXP 5 (4h46min/60 °C). Este filme apresentou espessura de 0,045 mm, diferença total de cor de 16,60, opacidade de 8,36 %, resistência à tração de 10,00 MPa, alongamento na ruptura de 73,89 %, solubilidade em água de 34,52 % e permeabilidade ao vapor de água de 0,240 (g.mm/kPa.h.m2). O filme apresentou tempo igual ou inferior a 3 dias de degradação em solo. Através da aplicação do filme de gelatina de peles de pescada-olhuda em filés de tainha foi possível perceber que os filmes são uma barreira mais indicada para o revestimento de alimentos que apresentem uma atividade de água baixa ou intermediária. Collagen is a structural function protein present in fish skins, and from its partial hydrolysis gelatin can be obtained. Gelatin can act as a polymeric matrix in preparation of films for food products application, which presents as an alternative to the use of synthetic polymers derived from petroleum and, therefore, poluents. In addition, fish gelatin can be easily obtained because of the abundance of fish by-products produced in industries and because of their low value. The aim of this study was to elaborate films using gelatin extracted from stripped weakfish skins (Cynoscion guatucupa) in order to develop biodegradable food packaging. A complete factorial experimental design 22 was elaborated, where gelatin conditions of time and temperature from stripped weakfish skins were studied. The different gelatins extracted were applied on films elaboration trough casting technique with addition of 3 % of gelatin and 30 % of glycerol, which were evaluated by the analysis of thickness, total color difference and opacity, tensile strength and elongation at break, water solubility and water vapor permeability, and these were the responses submitted to effect analysis from experimental design, besides the global yield of gelatin extractions. Then, the chosen film was evaluated for morphology and thermal properties, as well as the potential for soil biodegradation. In addition, it was used in mullet (Mugil liza) fillet packaging to observe its stability over 0, 3, 6 and 9 days of refrigerated storage compared to unpacked fillets and fillets packed with commercial PVC films, so they were subject to mass loss analysis, total color difference and texture for each day of storage. Starting from experimental design, it was not possible to verify the influence of gelatin extraction conditions both in global yield and the tested films, so they were evaluated trough averages comparison, and the film that stood out was the one obtained for EXP 5 (4h46min/60 °C). This film presented thickness of 0,045 mm, total color difference of 16,60, opacity of 8,36 %, tensile strength of 10,00 MPa, elongation at break of 73,89 %, water solubility of 34,52 % and water vapor permeability of 0,240 (g.mm/kPa.h.m2). The film presented time equal to or less than 3 days of soil degradation. Through the application of gelatin film of stripped weakfish skins in mullet fillets it was possible to notice that the films are a more suitable barrier or coating food that present a low or intermediate water activity.

An updated comprehensive checklist of polychaete species, which have been recorded from Malaysian waters, is provided, with their geographic distributions and the research history for them. A total of 57 species belonging to 30 families have been reported since the early 1870s, with Nereididae as the most dominant family with ten species; however, more than half of the total are questionable species in the country. Despite the increased efforts of polychaete studies in the past decade, the taxonomic endeavour of discovering and describing species in the country could be higher. Malaysian polychaetes were mostly recorded from Peninsular Malaysia, whereas very few were from Borneo Island. Most previously recorded species were associated with intertidal and estuarine habitats and a few were found in the subtidal and freshwater environments. We stress the need for urgent research on this biologically, ecologically and culturally relevant taxonomic group as the species accumulation curve grows exponentially in this megadiverse country.The current checklist has been updated since the previous one in 2013. Many species previously listed were judged as doubtful and not taxonomically reliable.

Foram estudados 152 espécimes de Etmopterus capturados no levantamento pesqueiro do Projeto de Prospecção Demersal do Programa REVIZEE Score Sul, com rede de arrasto de fundo. As capturas ocorreram nos cruzeiros de inverno de 2001 e verão de 2002, na costa do Rio Grande do Sul entre o arroio Chuí (34° 20’ S) e o cabo de Santa Marta Grande (28°30’ S), nas profundidades de 100 a 600 m. As espécies capturadas foram identificadas como Etmopterus gracilispinis, E. lucifer, e E. bigelowi, e ocorreram apenas ao sul de 31° S. E. bigelowi ocorreu na faixas de profundidade de 400 a 599 m, e E. gracilispinis ocorreu na faixa de 300 a 599 m. Os dois espécimes de E. lucifer capturados, ocorreram na profundidade 540 m. As condições hidrográficas de temperatura e salinidade de fundo não apresentaram diferença sazonal, e as espécies ocorreram em fundos com sedimento síltico-argiloso. A maioria dos espécimes capturados eram imaturos, o que sugere uma segregação por faixa etária e que os adultos ocorrem em profundidades maiores que 600 m. Maturidade sexual ocorreu em E. bigelowi com comprimento total de 60 cm para os machos e com comprimento total a partir de 63 cm nas fêmeas, tendo sido capturada uma fêmea grávida no mês de agosto. Todos espécimes de E. gracilispinis eram imaturos, e um macho de E. lucifer era maturo com comprimento total de 38 cm. Foi constatado parto no mês de março para E. bigelowi e para E. gracilispinis, com comprimento total ao nascer de cerca de 17 e 13 cm, respectivamente. A total of 152 specimens of Etmopterus, were studied. This specimens were caught by bottom-trawl cruises in winter of 2001 and summer of 2002, in the Rio Grande do Sul coast between Chuí (34° 20’ S) and Santa Marta Grande Cape (28°30’ S), at depths from 100 to 600 m. The species were identified as Etmopterus gracilispinis, E. lucifer, e E. bigelowi, and occurred only at south of 31o S. E. bigelowi occurred on the deep strata from 400 to 599 m, E. gracilispinis occurred from 300 to 599 m, and the both male E. lucifer caught occurred on the depth of 540 m. The hydrographic conditions of temperature and salinity showed no seasonal differences, and the species occurred on bottoms consisting of silte and clay. Most of specimens caught were immature, what is an evidence of segregation by size and implying that the adult of these species occur at depths under 600 m. Sexual maturity appeared in E. bigelowi males of 60 cm of total length and in females starting from 63 cm of total length, having been collected a gravid female in August. All E. gracilispinis specimens were immature, and one male of E. lucifer with total length of 38 cm was mature. Was find out birth in March for E. bigelowi and for E. gracilispinis, with total length at birth of about 17 and 13 cm, respectively.

The International workshop on Atmospheric Studies in the Arctic was held at the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences in Sopot, Poland on 28. and 29. January 2016. The workshop is a joint effort of the iAREA team, the Alfred Wegener Institute and the University of Florence in cooperation with the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences and the Center for Polar Studies. The workshop is a contribution to the Ny-Aalesund Atmosphere Flagship Programme. This book of abstract includes the contributions building on the iAREA campaigns in 2014 and 2015 held in Ny-Aalesund, Spitsbergen.

First results of a coupled modelling and forecasting system for fisheries on habitat-bound stocks are being presented. The system consists currently of three mathematically, fundamentally different model subsystems coupled offline: POLCOMS providing the physical environment implemented in the domain of the north-west European shelf, the SPAM model which describes sandeel stocks in the North Sea, and the third component, the SLAM model, which connects POLCOMS and SPAM by computing the physical–biological interaction. Our major experience by the coupling model subsystems is that well-defined and generic model interfaces are very important for a successful and extendable coupled model framework. The integrated approach, simulating ecosystem dynamics from physics to fish, allows for analysis of the pathways in the ecosystem to investigate the propagation of changes in the ocean climate and to quantify the impacts on the higher trophic level, in this case the sandeel population, demonstrated here on the basis of hindcast data. The coupled forecasting system is tested for some typical scientific questions appearing in spatial fish stock management and marine spatial planning, including determination of local and basin-scale maximum sustainable yield, stock connectivity and source/sink structure. Our presented simulations indicate that sandeel stocks are currently exploited close to the maximum sustainable yield, even though periodic overfishing seems to have occurred, but large uncertainty is associated with determining stock maximum sustainable yield due to stock inherent dynamics and climatic variability. Our statistical ensemble simulations indicates that the predictive horizon set by climate interannual variability is 2–6 yr, after which only an asymptotic probability distribution of stock properties, like biomass, are predictable.

Using quiz cards about the seashore, the children will work in teams and take part in a relay game (including running, walking, jogging, sprinting, jumping) to test their knowledge about species on the seashore.