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Additional file 1.

Two examples of turnover rate calculation. The figure shows two examples to estimate the turnover rate used herein. For μ = 1° (meso-scale) and μ = 2° (large-scale). The focal sampling unit (SU) is highlighted in red. A circle of distance μ is drawn around the red SU. All SUs included in the circle and with record number above 100 are then selected (in grey). In white, non-selected SUs. The geographical distance between all selected SUs is then calculated based on the centroid of the convex hull around the records for each SU (not shown). The pairwise floristic similarity between all selected SUs is then computed as 1–βsim. The linear relation between the geographical distance and the floristic similarity between all comparisons is computed (line in red). The distance (in kilometres) that halves the initial floristic similarity is calculated (vertical line) and used to define the turnover rate for each SU. (PNG 917 kb)

Figure 8 - Distribution of Harpacticella species. A Harpacticella amurensis B Harpacticella inopinata C Harpacticella paradoxa D Harpacticella lacustris E Harpacticella oceanica F Harpacticella itoi G Harpacticella jejuensis sp. n.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Individuals from each group are marked with red squares (HT), orange squares (HT-E2), blue circles (LT) or purple circles (LT-E2). (TIFF 2702 kb)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Whole-head serial sectioning and staining for FoxG1. All coronal paraffin sections ordered from ventral to dorsal. The dark anterior pigment corresponds to the frontal eye (FE). Apart from the expression in the brain, FoxG1 is also expressed in some cells of the floor plate (FP) and some ventrolateral cells of the central canal. We also observed expression in somites (M), as described previously by Toresson et al., 1998. Abbreviations: CC: Central Canal; FP: Floor plate; FE: Frontal eye; IO: Infundibular organ; M: Muscle; N: Notochord; NP: Neuropore.

FIGURE 1. Illustrations accompanying early hamlet descriptions. a. Hypoplectrus unicolor from Seba (1759, plate 27, figure 10) b. H. puella from Cuvier (1828, plate 37, image mirrored horizontally) c. H. indigo from Poey (1851, plate 3, figure 1) d. H. gummigutta from Poey (1851, plate 3, figure 2) e. H. guttavarius from Guichenot (1853, plate 1, figure 1, image mirrored horizontally) f. H. gemma described by Goode & Bean (1882). Illustration by H. L. Todd, 1882, Smithsonian Institution NMNH Division of Fishes (image mirrored horizontally). Published as part of Puebla, Oscar, Coulmance, Floriane, Estap��, Carlos J., Estap��, Allison Morgan & Robertson, D. Ross, 2022, A review of 263 years of taxonomic research on Hypoplectrus (Perciformes: Serranidae), with a redescription of Hypoplectrus affinis (Poey, 1861), pp. 101-141 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5905169

Fig. 27. Conoidea 2 (Mangeliidae, Raphitomidae). A���B. Kurtziella serga (Dall, 1881), SEAMOUNT 1, DW115, 880���885 m, 11.3 mm. C���D. Pleurotomella packardii Verrill, 1872, BANGAL 0711, V2, 1706 m, 8.9 mm. E���F. Neopleurotomoides callembryon (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1896), SEAMOUNT 1, DW111, 675���685 m, 7.1 mm. G���H. Pleurotomella gibbera Bouchet & War��n, 1980, SEAMOUNT 1, DW116, 985���1000 m, 4.2 mm. I���J. Gymnobela subaraneosa (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1896), SEAMOUNT 1, DW116, 4.3 mm. K���L. Pleurotomella coelorhaphe (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1896), SEAMOUNT 1, DW116, 10.0 mm. M���N. Pleurotomella eurybrocha (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1896), SEAMOUNT 1, DW108, 1110���1125 m, 5.5 mm. O���P. Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1896), SEAMOUNT 1, DW111, 6.5 mm. Scale bars = 1 mm. Published as part of Gofas, Serge, Luque, ��ngel A., Oliver, Joan Daniel, Templado, Jos�� & Serrano, Alberto, 2021, The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-114 in European Journal of Taxonomy 785 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.785.1605, http://zenodo.org/record/5798418

FIGURE 3. A. Ascorhiza mawatari d'Hondt, 1983 (MNCN 25.03/4195), detail of the zooids which compose the base of the peduncle. B–D. Antropora gemarita Ramalho & López-Fé n. sp. (MNCN 25.03/4197). B. General view of a colony fragment. C. Detail of the colony showing one complete zooid with cryptocyst and interzooidal avicularia. D. Ovicellate zooid. Published as part of Ramalho, Laís V., López-Fé, Carlos M., Mateo-Ramírez, Angel & Rueda, José Luis, 2020, Bryozoa from deep-sea habitats of the northern Gulf of Cádiz (Northeastern Atlantic), pp. 451-478 in Zootaxa 4768 (4) on page 463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3785758

This is an image of a dorsal view of a 3-Spine Stickleback Specimen. This specimen is observed in Survey of Vertebrates, Zoology 224. This image was created as part of the University of Alberta OER image database project in Biological Sciences. Identifier 2000I.