This article aims to go beyond general definitions of democracy and focus on the essential, practical role of intermediary social bodies in how societies operate, especially those that wish to be actively democratic. A two-pronged approach to this question will be adopted. On a theoretical and historical level, the French situation demonstrates how the integration (or more accurately, reintegration) of diverse, active “intermediary social bodies” into civil society was the major issue of the 19th century for France's centralised Jacobin state, following their abolition during the Revolution. The article then looks at a series of studies conducted in China, demonstrating that there has been a genuine re-emergence of intermediary bodies in the manufacturing and retail sectors over the last 20 to 30 years in areas such as Zhejiang. This has occurred via a series of compromises and negotiations, initiated by and conducted in conjunction with local authorities, giving rise to unique socio-political configurations. The article will then ask whether this is nothing more than a local or provincial effect, and whether this re-emergence of intermediary bodies in the manufacturing and retail sectors is liable to extend to other spheres of social and political life in China. 本文在对民主的一般理论讨论之外,更着重探讨在积极构建民主的国家内社会中间层的作用。我们的思考分成两个部分。首先从法国的历史出发通过历史理论观来描述法国的中间体组织从被大革命扼守到市民社会出现后恢复的过程。 这个社会中间体在雅各宾中央集权时代逐步融入到社会体制中, 成为十九世纪历史的重要部分。然后我们依据在中国的田野考察评述生产和商贸领域内中间体组织的再现。近二、三十年来, 浙江省的一些中间体组织通过与地方政府和商与协调改变着政治与社会的构建方式。这种中间体组织的重组现象如果不是孤立的,那么未来也许会延伸到政治和社会的领域中去。
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本文描述永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的声调与音位。永宁摩梭话中的一些特征,若它们在当地汉语方言(西南官话)与汉语普通话中不存在,那么这些特征就有濒临消失的趋势。本文作者在不同语言程度的摩梭人群中进行了调查比较。第一节描述声调:摩梭话的声调系统很丰富,并且其中几个重要特征正是濒临消失的典型例子。第二节描述音位:声母与韵母。通过这些分析,将能进一步了解今天该语言音位系统已渐趋简化的具体情况。
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In 2014, the Yinjia Wopu Site in Da'an City, Jiün Province was excavated. The mounds excavated were arlificial eartben heaps piled up for many times to form, the stratigraphies of which were very complicated. The features found in the excavation included 8-shaped features, hearths, ash pits, water channels, etc., and a few artifacts were unearthed from them. The five 8-shaped features are estimated to be brine-sprinkling pits, which are tbe first discoveries of this tye of features in Nortbeast China; they verified the records in the historie literature about the local salt-making industry during the Liao and Jin Dynasties and can be seen as important physical materials for the studies on the salt-making industry development history in Northeast China.
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Hezhou dialect and neighboring speeches form a sprachbund. In these speeches, the plural marker –men can occur after nouns with the semantic feature [-human]. However, in these cases –men does not always indicate plurality. The paper analyzes the syntactic and semantic constraints on the plural marker –men and its allophones in light of the author’s field work as well as historical data on Altaic languages.
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嘉戎语茶堡话有重复辅音声母和叠韵的形态形式。1-声母叠韵与汉语闽方言和晋方言中所发现的"嵌1词"有相似的语法功能和相同的构造方式。
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This article aims to go beyond general definitions of democracy and focus on the essential, practical role of intermediary social bodies in how societies operate, especially those that wish to be actively democratic. A two-pronged approach to this question will be adopted. On a theoretical and historical level, the French situation demonstrates how the integration (or more accurately, reintegration) of diverse, active “intermediary social bodies” into civil society was the major issue of the 19th century for France's centralised Jacobin state, following their abolition during the Revolution. The article then looks at a series of studies conducted in China, demonstrating that there has been a genuine re-emergence of intermediary bodies in the manufacturing and retail sectors over the last 20 to 30 years in areas such as Zhejiang. This has occurred via a series of compromises and negotiations, initiated by and conducted in conjunction with local authorities, giving rise to unique socio-political configurations. The article will then ask whether this is nothing more than a local or provincial effect, and whether this re-emergence of intermediary bodies in the manufacturing and retail sectors is liable to extend to other spheres of social and political life in China. 本文在对民主的一般理论讨论之外,更着重探讨在积极构建民主的国家内社会中间层的作用。我们的思考分成两个部分。首先从法国的历史出发通过历史理论观来描述法国的中间体组织从被大革命扼守到市民社会出现后恢复的过程。 这个社会中间体在雅各宾中央集权时代逐步融入到社会体制中, 成为十九世纪历史的重要部分。然后我们依据在中国的田野考察评述生产和商贸领域内中间体组织的再现。近二、三十年来, 浙江省的一些中间体组织通过与地方政府和商与协调改变着政治与社会的构建方式。这种中间体组织的重组现象如果不是孤立的,那么未来也许会延伸到政治和社会的领域中去。
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本文描述永宁摩梭话中濒临消失的声调与音位。永宁摩梭话中的一些特征,若它们在当地汉语方言(西南官话)与汉语普通话中不存在,那么这些特征就有濒临消失的趋势。本文作者在不同语言程度的摩梭人群中进行了调查比较。第一节描述声调:摩梭话的声调系统很丰富,并且其中几个重要特征正是濒临消失的典型例子。第二节描述音位:声母与韵母。通过这些分析,将能进一步了解今天该语言音位系统已渐趋简化的具体情况。
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In 2014, the Yinjia Wopu Site in Da'an City, Jiün Province was excavated. The mounds excavated were arlificial eartben heaps piled up for many times to form, the stratigraphies of which were very complicated. The features found in the excavation included 8-shaped features, hearths, ash pits, water channels, etc., and a few artifacts were unearthed from them. The five 8-shaped features are estimated to be brine-sprinkling pits, which are tbe first discoveries of this tye of features in Nortbeast China; they verified the records in the historie literature about the local salt-making industry during the Liao and Jin Dynasties and can be seen as important physical materials for the studies on the salt-making industry development history in Northeast China.
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Hezhou dialect and neighboring speeches form a sprachbund. In these speeches, the plural marker –men can occur after nouns with the semantic feature [-human]. However, in these cases –men does not always indicate plurality. The paper analyzes the syntactic and semantic constraints on the plural marker –men and its allophones in light of the author’s field work as well as historical data on Altaic languages.
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