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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hadj-Mabrouk, Habib; Desfray, Pierre;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hal-Diderot; OpenAIR...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hal-Diderot; OpenAIR...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Maillet, Nicolas;

    La métagénomique vise à étudier le contenu génétique et génomique d'un échantillon provenant d'un environnement naturel. Cette discipline récente s'attache à étudier les génomes de différents organismes provenant d'un même milieu. La métagénomique pose de nouvelles questions, tant d'un point de vue biologique qu'informatique. Les masses de données générées par les études métagénomiques et la complexité des milieux étudiés, nécessitent de développer de nouvelles structures de données et de nouveaux algorithmes dédiés. Parmi les différentes approches existantes en métagénomique, la métagénomique comparative consiste à comparer plusieurs métagénomes afin d'en connaître les divers degrés de similarité. Lorsque cette comparaison se base uniquement sur le contenu brut des échantillons, sans faire appel à des connaissances externes, on parle de métagénomique comparative de novo. L'objectif des travaux que nous proposons est de développer une méthode permettant d'extraire les séquences similaires de deux jeux de données métagénomiques, où chaque jeu peut être composé de centaines de millions de courtes séquences. La comparaison proposée consiste à identifier les séquences d'un premier jeu similaires à au moins une séquence d'un second jeu. Afin d'être rapide et économe en mémoire, l'implémentation de notre méthode a nécessité la conception d'une nouvelle structure d'indexation, basée sur le filtre de bloom. Le logiciel final, nommé Compareads, a une consommation mémoire faible (de l'ordre de quelques go) et peut calculer l'intersection de deux échantillons de 100 millions de séquences chacun en une dizaine d'heures. Notre méthode est une heuristique qui génère un faible taux de faux positifs. Le logiciel Compareads est dédié à l'analyse de grands jeux de données métagénomiques. À l'heure actuelle, il est le seul outil capable de comparer de tels jeux. Compareads a été appliqué sur plusieurs projets métagénomiques. Notre outil produit des résultats robustes, biologiquement exploitables et en accord avec diverses méthodes fondamentalement différentes. Il est actuellement utilisé de manière intensive sur les échantillons provenant de l'expédition tara oceans. Sur ce projet, notre méthode à permis de mettre en évidence que les grands systèmes océaniques influent sur la répartition globale des micro-organismes marins. Metagenomics studies overall genomic information of multiple organisms coming from the same biotope. The information is generally provided by next generation sequencing technologies (NGS). Typical data are samples of short reads (i.e. reads of few hundred base pairs). To study such metagenomics information, we developed an original method for extracting similarities between two samples of reads. More precisely, this approach locates the set of common reads present in two samples. In order to fit with current memory capacities and to be time efficient, we used a modified Bloom filter data structure. Finding the common reads between multiple samples and crossing this information with the location of samples leads to visualize some biological processes like ubiquitous species or effect of water stream caring some species. Finally, the tool can also be used as a filter on metagenomics datas to remove for example only one specie. Our software, Compareads, is actually used on the Tara Oceans project where it shows that global dynamic of oceans seems to play a part on the dispersion of marine microorganisms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
    Data sources: Hal
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    OpenAIRE
    2013
    Data sources: OpenAIRE
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OpenAIRE
      2013
      Data sources: OpenAIRE
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boisson, Didier; Jablonka, Ivan; Jaspert, Nikolas; Schreiber, Jean-Philippe; +1 Authors

    Un siècle après l’édit de Fontainebleau de 1685 qui révoque l’édit de Nantes, et à la suite de nombreux débats, Louis XVI accorde en novembre 1787 aux non-catholiques du royaume, protestants et juifs, un édit que l’on appelle couramment l’édit de tolérance ou l’édit de Breteuil, du nom du secrétaire d’État qui a participé à sa rédaction. Ce texte ne donne en aucune façon une quelconque liberté de culte aux non-catholiques, mais uniquement un état civil. En effet, désormais, ils peuvent faire enregistrer les naissances, mariages et décès de leurs communautés, réhabiliter les unions illégales contractées avant l’édit et faire légitimer les enfants nés de ces unions auprès d’un juge ou d’un curé, ce dernier n’ayant aucun rôle religieux mais devenant seulement un officier d’état civil .Depuis la fin du XVIIe siècle, les protestants français, car ce sont principalement eux qui sont concernés par cette loi, refusent la plupart du temps de faire célébrer leur union par un curé, se contentant de la signature d’un contrat notarié et de la bénédiction éventuelle d’un pasteur du Désert, comme ils renoncent également à faire baptiser les enfants nés de ces unions et à demander une sépulture au curé dans le cimetière catholique ; ces comportements, variables selon les provinces, se trouvent confortées par le synode national du Désert de 1744 qui exhorte les réformés à n’accepter aucune compromission avec la confession adverse . Ainsi, tout au long du siècle des Lumières, une partie de la population française vit sans état civil. Ce ne sont pas les mesures répressives prises contre les réformés, que ce soit les nombreuses lois, les enfermements, les enlèvements d’enfants, les procès contre les cadavres ou les campagnes de rebaptisations des enfants réformés, sur le modèle des dragonnades des années 1680, qui changent la situation .À partir du milieu du XVIIIe siècle un débat tripartite s’instaure entre l’État, les Églises réformées et l’Église catholique, chacun avec ses propositions, avant même l’affaire Calas qui éclate en 1761, et les négociations aboutissent à un accord en 1787 entre l’État et les Églises réformées, contre l’avis de l’Église catholique. L’objectif de cette communication est d’une part d’essayer de comprendre l’évolution de la position de l’État à l’égard des protestants, alors que les persécutions sont nombreuses jusqu’au début des années 1760, mais aussi d’étudier les arguments des trois partenaires pour obtenir une solution en s’intéressant à des écrits publiés durant cette période , principalement des pamphlets et des mémoires. Je m’appuierai pour comprendre les trois points de vue sur un texte publié anonymement en 1788 et intitulé Conférence entre le frère Pancrace, Capucin, le docteur Hoth-Man, ministre protestant, & M. Robino, avocat au Parlement de Paris .

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Darricau, Myriam; Hadj-Mabrouk, Habib;
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OpenAIRE; Hal-Didero...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Le Bescot, Noan;

    Les dinoflagellés forment un groupe complexe de protistes avec une grande diversité de morphologies, physiologies, et cycles de vies qui leur confèrent une forte capacité d'adaptation à l'ensemble des milieux (marins et dulçaquicoles) et habitats (pélagiques et benthiques) aquatiques rendant difficile l¿étude de leur diversité et de leur écologie. L'objectif de cette thèse a été la recherche de patrons globaux de biodiversité et de structuration des communautés de dinoflagellés pélagiques marins à l'échelle planétaire. Un protocole d'échantillonnage morphogénétique, couvrant la totalité de leur spectre de taille et une partie importante de leurs variabilités spatio-temporelles, a été développé (Tara-Oceans). Divers outils d'acquisition automatique à haut débit des données ont été testés. La diversité, l'abondance relative et la distribution géographique des espèces du genre Neoceratium ont été évaluées en mer Méditerranée par FlowCAM. Une étude de la structuration de la biodiversité a été réalisée par metabarcoding de l¿ADNr 18S (fragment V9). La construction d'une base de séquences ADNr de référence (DinR2) a permis l¿assignation taxonomique des metabarcodes environnementaux. L¿approche par metabarcode révèle une diversité remarquable et insoupçonnée des pico-dinoflagellés (<5µm) et que, indépendamment de l'écosystème étudié et de la période d'échantillonnage, l¿abondance des différents ordres dépend essentiellement de la taille (pico-, nano-, micro-, et meso-plancton). La structuration des communautés de dinoflagellés de différentes fractions de tailles de la zone photique a été confrontée à certains facteurs environnementaux ouvrant des pistes de recherche prometteuses Dinoflagellates form a complex group of protists with a variety of morphologies, physiologies, and life cycles that give them a strong adaptation to all aquatic environments (marine and freshwater) and habitats (pelagic and benthic) making difficult to study their diversity and ecology. The objective of this thesis was the search for global biodiversity patterns and community structure of marine pelagic dinoflagellates across the world?s oceans. A morphogenetic sampling protocol, covering the entire spectrum of their size and an important part of their spatio-temporal variability, was developed (Tara-Oceans). Various tools for an automatic acquisition broadband data were tested. Diversity, relative abundance and geographical distribution of the genus Neoceratium were evaluated by FlowCAM in Mediterranean Sea. A study of the structure of biodiversity was conducted by metabarcoding with 18S rDNA (V9 fragment). Building a base of rDNA reference sequences (DinR2) allowed the taxonomic assignment of environmental metabarcodes. The metabarcode approach reveals a remarkable and unexpected diversity of pico-dinoflagellates (<5?m) and, regardless of the studied ecosystem and the sampling period, that abundance of different levels mainly depends to the size fractions (pico-, nano-, micro- and meso- plankton). Structuring of dinoflagellates communities in different size fractions of the photic zone was facing to some environmental factors and opens promising avenues for research

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    OpenAIRE
    2014
    Data sources: OpenAIRE
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      OpenAIRE
      2014
      Data sources: OpenAIRE
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    Authors: L. MALHERBE, H. LINGIAH, T. SIMON, M. BERARD, A. BOUNACER, N. KADRI, I. LANDRIN;

    e-poster presented to the 38th national congress of the Société Française de de Gériatrie et Gérontologie in Paris. The European project CAREGIVERSPRO-MMD aims to develop a digital platform to support people with neurocognitive disorders and their carers by providing them with educational and informative content adapted to the disease and the role of carer, discussion spaces, cognitive stimulation games, a news feed, an agenda and local information (events, social structures, places of information and support...). To evaluate the effectiveness of this platform, we recruited "caregiver-patients" dyads from the people followed in memory consultation. We present the profile of the caregivers who participated in this study in France

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    OpenAIRE
    Conference object . 2019
    Data sources: OpenAIRE
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    ZENODO
    Other literature type . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    ZENODO
    Conference object . 2019
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      OpenAIRE
      Conference object . 2019
      Data sources: OpenAIRE
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      ZENODO
      Other literature type . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Conference object . 2019
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Maillet, Nicolas;

    La métagénomique vise à étudier le contenu génétique et génomique d'un échantillon provenant d'un environnement naturel. Cette discipline récente s'attache à étudier les génomes de différents organismes provenant d'un même milieu. La métagénomique pose de nouvelles questions, tant d'un point de vue biologique qu'informatique. Les masses de données générées par les études métagénomiques et la complexité des milieux étudiés nécessitent de développer de nouvelles structures de données et de nouveaux algorithmes dédiés. Parmi les différentes approches existantes en métagénomique, la métagénomique comparative consiste à comparer plusieurs métagénomes afin d'en connaitre les divers degrés de similarité. Lorsque cette comparaison se base uniquement sur le contenu brut des échantillons, sans faire appel à des connaissances externes, on parle de métagénomique comparative de novo. L'objectif des travaux que nous proposons est de développer une méthode permettant d'extraire les séquences similaires entre deux jeux de données métagénomiques, où chaque jeu peut être composé de centaines de millions de courtes séquences d'adn. La comparaison proposée consiste à identifier les séquences d'un premier jeu similaires à au moins une séquence d'un second jeu. Afin d'être rapide et économe en mémoire, l'implémentation de notre méthode a nécessité la conception d'une nouvelle structure d'indexation, basée sur le filtre de bloom. Le logiciel final, nommé Compareads, a une consommation mémoire faible (de l'ordre de quelques go) et peut calculer l'intersection de deux échantillons de 100 millions de séquences chacun en une dizaine d'heures. Notre méthode est une heuristique qui génère un faible taux de faux positifs. Le logiciel Compareads est dédié à l'analyse de grands jeux de données métagénomiques. À l'heure actuelle, il est le seul outil capable de comparer de tels jeux. Compareads a été appliqué sur plusieurs projets métagénomiques. Notre outil produit des résultats robustes, biologiquement exploitables et en accord avec diverses méthodes fondamentalement différentes. Il est actuellement utilisé de manière intensive sur les échantillons provenant de l'expédition tara oceans. Sur ce projet, notre méthode a permis de mettre en évidence que les grands systèmes océaniques influent sur la répartition globale des microorganismes marins.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ OpenAIREarrow_drop_down
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    OpenAIRE
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
    Data sources: OpenAIRE
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      OpenAIRE
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zalc, Claire;

    Le 20e siècle est marqué à la fois par la mise en place de politiques systématiques de discriminations et de persécutions et par une intensification sans précédent des mouvements migratoires. Il s’agit ici de penser la relation entre ces deux phénomènes en examinant le rôle des persécutions dans la construction des catégories de migrants, les liens entre politique de nationalité et persécutions en mettant en regard les trajectoires migratoires et les trajectoires de persécutions. Notice de l'Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe (EHNE)

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    Authors: Saint-André, Laurent; Genet, Astrid; Jonard , Mathieu; Wernsdorfer, Holger; +18 Authors

    National audience

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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Conference object . 2013
    Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
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    Oskar Bordeaux
    Conference object . 2012
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    ProdInra; OpenAIRE
    Research . 2013 . 2012
    License: CC BY SA
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    ProdInra
    Research . 2012
    License: CC BY SA
    Data sources: ProdInra
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      Oskar Bordeaux
      Conference object . 2013
      Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Oskar Bordeaux
      Conference object . 2012
      Data sources: Oskar Bordeaux
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ProdInra; OpenAIRE
      Research . 2013 . 2012
      License: CC BY SA
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      ProdInra
      Research . 2012
      License: CC BY SA
      Data sources: ProdInra
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hadj-Mabrouk, Habib;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hadj-Mabrouk, Habib; Desfray, Pierre;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hal-Diderot; OpenAIR...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Maillet, Nicolas;

    La métagénomique vise à étudier le contenu génétique et génomique d'un échantillon provenant d'un environnement naturel. Cette discipline récente s'attache à étudier les génomes de différents organismes provenant d'un même milieu. La métagénomique pose de nouvelles questions, tant d'un point de vue biologique qu'informatique. Les masses de données générées par les études métagénomiques et la complexité des milieux étudiés, nécessitent de développer de nouvelles structures de données et de nouveaux algorithmes dédiés. Parmi les différentes approches existantes en métagénomique, la métagénomique comparative consiste à comparer plusieurs métagénomes afin d'en connaître les divers degrés de similarité. Lorsque cette comparaison se base uniquement sur le contenu brut des échantillons, sans faire appel à des connaissances externes, on parle de métagénomique comparative de novo. L'objectif des travaux que nous proposons est de développer une méthode permettant d'extraire les séquences similaires de deux jeux de données métagénomiques, où chaque jeu peut être composé de centaines de millions de courtes séquences. La comparaison proposée consiste à identifier les séquences d'un premier jeu similaires à au moins une séquence d'un second jeu. Afin d'être rapide et économe en mémoire, l'implémentation de notre méthode a nécessité la conception d'une nouvelle structure d'indexation, basée sur le filtre de bloom. Le logiciel final, nommé Compareads, a une consommation mémoire faible (de l'ordre de quelques go) et peut calculer l'intersection de deux échantillons de 100 millions de séquences chacun en une dizaine d'heures. Notre méthode est une heuristique qui génère un faible taux de faux positifs. Le logiciel Compareads est dédié à l'analyse de grands jeux de données métagénomiques. À l'heure actuelle, il est le seul outil capable de comparer de tels jeux. Compareads a été appliqué sur plusieurs projets métagénomiques. Notre outil produit des résultats robustes, biologiquement exploitables et en accord avec diverses méthodes fondamentalement différentes. Il est actuellement utilisé de manière intensive sur les échantillons provenant de l'expédition tara oceans. Sur ce projet, notre méthode à permis de mettre en évidence que les grands systèmes océaniques influent sur la répartition globale des micro-organismes marins. Metagenomics studies overall genomic information of multiple organisms coming from the same biotope. The information is generally provided by next generation sequencing technologies (NGS). Typical data are samples of short reads (i.e. reads of few hundred base pairs). To study such metagenomics information, we developed an original method for extracting similarities between two samples of reads. More precisely, this approach locates the set of common reads present in two samples. In order to fit with current memory capacities and to be time efficient, we used a modified Bloom filter data structure. Finding the common reads between multiple samples and crossing this information with the location of samples leads to visualize some biological processes like ubiquitous species or effect of water stream caring some species. Finally, the tool can also be used as a filter on metagenomics datas to remove for example only one specie. Our software, Compareads, is actually used on the Tara Oceans project where it shows that global dynamic of oceans seems to play a part on the dispersion of marine microorganisms.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
    Data sources: Hal
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    OpenAIRE
    2013
    Data sources: OpenAIRE
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
      Data sources: Hal
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      OpenAIRE
      2013
      Data sources: OpenAIRE
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    Authors: Boisson, Didier; Jablonka, Ivan; Jaspert, Nikolas; Schreiber, Jean-Philippe; +1 Authors

    Un siècle après l’édit de Fontainebleau de 1685 qui révoque l’édit de Nantes, et à la suite de nombreux débats, Louis XVI accorde en novembre 1787 aux non-catholiques du royaume, protestants et juifs, un édit que l’on appelle couramment l’édit de tolérance ou l’édit de Breteuil, du nom du secrétaire d’État qui a participé à sa rédaction. Ce texte ne donne en aucune façon une quelconque liberté de culte aux non-catholiques, mais uniquement un état civil. En effet, désormais, ils peuvent faire enregistrer les naissances, mariages et décès de leurs communautés, réhabiliter les unions illégales contractées avant l’édit et faire légitimer les enfants nés de ces unions auprès d’un juge ou d’un curé, ce dernier n’ayant aucun rôle religieux mais devenant seulement un officier d’état civil .Depuis la fin du XVIIe siècle, les protestants français, car ce sont principalement eux qui sont concernés par cette loi, refusent la plupart du temps de faire célébrer leur union par un curé, se contentant de la signature d’un contrat notarié et de la bénédiction éventuelle d’un pasteur du Désert, comme ils renoncent également à faire baptiser les enfants nés de ces unions et à demander une sépulture au curé dans le cimetière catholique ; ces comportements, variables selon les provinces, se trouvent confortées par le synode national du Désert de 1744 qui exhorte les réformés à n’accepter aucune compromission avec la confession adverse . Ainsi, tout au long du siècle des Lumières, une partie de la population française vit sans état civil. Ce ne sont pas les mesures répressives prises contre les réformés, que ce soit les nombreuses lois, les enfermements, les enlèvements d’enfants, les procès contre les cadavres ou les campagnes de rebaptisations des enfants réformés, sur le modèle des dragonnades des années 1680, qui changent la situation .À partir du milieu du XVIIIe siècle un débat tripartite s’instaure entre l’État, les Églises réformées et l’Église catholique, chacun avec ses propositions, avant même l’affaire Calas qui éclate en 1761, et les négociations aboutissent à un accord en 1787 entre l’État et les Églises réformées, contre l’avis de l’Église catholique. L’objectif de cette communication est d’une part d’essayer de comprendre l’évolution de la position de l’État à l’égard des protestants, alors que les persécutions sont nombreuses jusqu’au début des années 1760, mais aussi d’étudier les arguments des trois partenaires pour obtenir une solution en s’intéressant à des écrits publiés durant cette période , principalement des pamphlets et des mémoires. Je m’appuierai pour comprendre les trois points de vue sur un texte publié anonymement en 1788 et intitulé Conférence entre le frère Pancrace, Capucin, le docteur Hoth-Man, ministre protestant, & M. Robino, avocat au Parlement de Paris .

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    Authors: Darricau, Myriam; Hadj-Mabrouk, Habib;
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    Authors: Le Bescot, Noan;

    Les dinoflagellés forment un groupe complexe de protistes avec une grande diversité de morphologies, physiologies, et cycles de vies qui leur confèrent une forte capacité d'adaptation à l'ensemble des milieux (marins et dulçaquicoles) et habitats (pélagiques et benthiques) aquatiques rendant difficile l¿étude de leur diversité et de leur écologie. L'objectif de cette thèse a été la recherche de patrons globaux de biodiversité et de structuration des communautés de dinoflagellés pélagiques marins à l'échelle planétaire. Un protocole d'échantillonnage morphogénétique, couvrant la totalité de leur spectre de taille et une partie importante de leurs variabilités spatio-temporelles, a été développé (Tara-Oceans). Divers outils d'acquisition automatique à haut débit des données ont été testés. La diversité, l'abondance relative et la distribution géographique des espèces du genre Neoceratium ont été évaluées en mer Méditerranée par FlowCAM. Une étude de la structuration de la biodiversité a été réalisée par metabarcoding de l¿ADNr 18S (fragment V9). La construction d'une base de séquences ADNr de référence (DinR2) a permis l¿assignation taxonomique des metabarcodes environnementaux. L¿approche par metabarcode révèle une diversité remarquable et insoupçonnée des pico-dinoflagellés (<5µm) et que, indépendamment de l'écosystème étudié et de la période d'échantillonnage, l¿abondance des différents ordres dépend essentiellement de la taille (pico-, nano-, micro-, et meso-plancton). La structuration des communautés de dinoflagellés de différentes fractions de tailles de la zone photique a été confrontée à certains facteurs environnementaux ouvrant des pistes de recherche prometteuses Dinoflagellates form a complex group of protists with a variety of morphologies, physiologies, and life cycles that give them a strong adaptation to all aquatic environments (marine and freshwater) and habitats (pelagic and benthic) making difficult to study their diversity and ecology. The objective of this thesis was the search for global biodiversity patterns and community structure of marine pelagic dinoflagellates across the world?s oceans. A morphogenetic sampling protocol, covering the entire spectrum of their size and an important part of their spatio-temporal variability, was developed (Tara-Oceans). Various tools for an automatic acquisition broadband data were tested. Diversity, relative abundance and geographical distribution of the genus Neoceratium were evaluated by FlowCAM in Mediterranean Sea. A study of the structure of biodiversity was conducted by metabarcoding with 18S rDNA (V9 fragment). Building a base of rDNA reference sequences (DinR2) allowed the taxonomic assignment of environmental metabarcodes. The metabarcode approach reveals a remarkable and unexpected diversity of pico-dinoflagellates (<5?m) and, regardless of the studied ecosystem and the sampling period, that abundance of different levels mainly depends to the size fractions (pico-, nano-, micro- and meso- plankton). Structuring of dinoflagellates communities in different size fractions of the photic zone was facing to some environmental factors and opens promising avenues for research

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    OpenAIRE
    2014
    Data sources: OpenAIRE
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