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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Murra, D.; Aquilini, M.; Bollanti, S.; Di Lazzaro, P.; +4 Authors

    Le lunghezze d’onda comprese tra 200 e 280 nanometri, intervallo spettrale denominato UV-C, sono particolarmente adatte a debellare batteri e virus in quanto tale radiazione spezza i legami proteici e può danneggiare in modo irreversibile le catene del DNA/RNA. Sino a poco tempo fa, le sorgenti UV-C disponibili in commercio erano lampade a gas, basate tipicamente su deuterio, xenon, vapori di mercurio, o eccimeri. Queste lampade funzionano a tensioni piuttosto elevate, sono fragili e hanno tempi di accensione di diversi minuti prima di arrivare a regime ed emettere la potenza nominale. La disponibilità di LED (Light Emitting Diodes, dispositivi a stato solido) che emettono radiazione nell’intervallo dell’UV-C consente oggi di realizzare una “lampada”, basata su una matrice di tali sorgenti, che utilizza un alimentatore a bassa tensione, può essere disegnata in configurazioni geometriche adattabili ad ogni esigenza, si accende istantaneamente ed è meccanicamente molto robusta. In questo Rapporto Tecnico sono illustrati il progetto, la realizzazione e la caratterizzazione di una lampada a LED UV-C e del relativo alimentatore. È inoltre brevemente descritto un esperimento, a scopo fitosanitario, in cui tale lampada è stata utilizzata. Optical radiation with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nanometers, in the UV-C range, is particularly suitable for eradicating bacteria and viruses, as this radiation breaks protein bonds and can irreversibly damage DNA/RNA chains. Until recently, the commercial UV-C sources were gas lamps, typically based on deuterium, xenon, mercury vapor, or excimers. All of these lamps operate at quite high voltages, are fragile and require several minutes of warming up before working at full power. The availability of solid-state LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) that emit radiation in the UV-C range allows a “lamp” to be made by assembling an array of such light sources, which uses a low-voltage power supply, can be designed in geometric configurations adaptable to any need, turns on/off instantly and is robust. This Technical Report illustrates the work done at ENEA Frascati on the design and assembly of a UVC LED lamp and of its power supply, its characterization and application to a phytosanitary experiment.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ENEA Open Archivearrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Donatelli, A.; Caretto, F.; Casciaro, G.; Marciano', T.; +5 Authors

    This technical Report summarizes the development and implementation of a recycling process applied on end-of-life (EoL) reclaimed carbon fibers reinforced thermoplastics. Scientific activities are carried out within the REVALUE Project and are considered of primary importance in order to comply the Directive 2000/53/EC that sets out measures to prevent and limit waste from end-of-life vehicles and their components, and ensures that where possible this is reused, recycled or recovered [1]. The proposed recycling process consists in the following steps: comminution of materials by mechanical shredding and milling followed by extrusion and compression moulding. All the experimental activities were carried out in the laboratories of the ENEA Research Centre of Brindisi and composite materials considered for these activities were polypropylene (PP) or polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with carbon fibers (rCFs) reclaimed by pyrolysis of decommissioned composite materials. In the first part of this document, the main issues encountered and the results of the activities are highlighted, together with the mass and energy balances of the overall operations, with the aim collect as more as possible information in view of potential scale-up of the process. In the second part the attention is focused on the characterization and analysis of intermediate and final products obtained by implementing the recycling process. The main goal of the characterizations are the validation of the effectiveness of the mechanical recycling process, as well as the learning of mechanical and physical properties of recycled components in view of exploitation of the results. Physical (density, fibre length, glass-transition temperature) as well as mechanical parameters (tensile strength, elastic modulus, Charpy impact energy, storage modulus and loss modulus) are measured and hereafter reported, and discussed.

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    Authors: Monteleone, F.; Anello, F.; Bommarito, C.; Cinelli, G.; +9 Authors

    Il presente rapporto descrive l’Osservatorio ENEA delle Madonie situato in località Piano Battaglia all’interno del Parco regionale delle Madonie nel territorio di Petralia Sottana (PA). L’Osservatorio è costituito da una stazione meteo, installata nel giugno 2016, con lo scopo di misurare i principali parametri meteorologici e da una cabina prefabbricata all’interno della quale è presente un sistema di prelievo di campioni di aria in flasks per la successiva determinazione, nei laboratori ENEA di Lampedusa, della concentrazione di alcuni gas-serra (CO2 e CH4) secondo standard internazionali. Il report, pur riportando in forma grafica i dati delle misure settimanali di anidride carbonica e metano a partire dal 2005, analizza i dati delle osservazioni meteorologiche in forma grafica e tabellare dal 1° luglio 2016 al 31 dicembre 2022. L’alta quota, la posizione geografica, l’assenza di contaminazioni locali e l’accuratezza delle misure rendono la stazione di “Madonie - Piano Battaglia”, un punto di eccellenza per il monitoraggio e lo studio dei complessi meccanismi legati al cambiamento climatico a scala regionale e globale; per tali specificità l’Organizzazione Meteorologica Mondiale (OMM) nel 2021 ha conferito all’Osservatorio ENEA delle Madonie il riconoscimento ufficiale di stazione regionale, rappresentativa per tutta l’area del Mediterraneo centrale, nell’ambito del Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), la rete mondiale per lo studio del clima globale (https://gawsis.meteoswiss.ch/GAWSIS/#/search/station/stationReportDetails/ 0-380-0-MDN ). This report describes the ENEA Climate Observatory located in Piano Battaglia within the Madonie Regional Park in the territory of Petralia Sottana (PA). The Observatory consists of a weather station installed in June 2016 with the aim of measuring the main meteorological parameters and a prefabricated cabin hosting is a system for collecting air samples in flasks for the subsequent determination, in the ENEA laboratories of Lampedusa, of the concentration of some greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) according to international standards. The report, while reporting in graphical form the data of weekly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane starting from 2005, analyzes the meteorological parameters in graphical and tabular form from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2022. The high altitude, the geographical position, the absence of local contamination and the accuracy of the measurements make the “Madonie-Piano Battaglia” station a point of excellence for monitoring and studying the complex mechanisms of climate change at regional and global scale; for these specificities, in 2021 the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) awarded the ENEA Madonie Observatory the official recognition of regional station, representative for the entire central Mediterranean area, within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), the global network for the study of the global climate (https://gawsis.meteoswiss.ch/GAWSIS/#/search/station/stationReportDetails/0-380-0-MDN).

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    Authors: Rao, M.; Lutero, G.;

    Uncertainty in energy and environmental statistics is a major issue in decision support to policy making. The need for timely and reliable statistics boosts the search for methods that reduce error in estimation. In this work, a method for estimating the uncertainty of energy and environmental statistics coming from different statistical sources is outlined, using as a framework a discussion on nature of uncertainty and the Black Swan problem is also outlined. The proposed method is then applied to an environmental problem using the concept of anti-fragility, to improve the decision support systems in energy policy analysis. L'incertezza nelle statistiche energetiche e ambientali è un fattore critico nel supporto decisionale nelle politiche energetiche. In questo lavoro è proposto un metodo per la stima di dati provenienti da diverse fonti statistiche a partire da una discussione sul la natura dell'incertezza e il problema del cigno nero. Il metodo proposto viene poi applicato ad un problema ambientale utilizzando il concetto di anti-fragilità, per migliorare i sistemi di supporto alle decisioni nell'analisi di politica energetica.

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    Authors: Zona, R.; Rosi, G.; Santagata, A.;

    Il Reattore Sorgente Veloce Taratura Pila Rapida a potenza zero (R.S.V. TAPIRO) fu concepito agli inizi degli anni ’60 dai ricercatori del Comitato Nazionale per l’Energia Nucleare (CNEN), come strumento di supporto al programma italiano sui reattori veloci. Dall’approvazione del progetto nel 1965, dopo solo 5 anni e mezzo, il 2 aprile del 1971 il TAPIRO produsse il suo primo flusso stabile di neutroni rag- giungendo la sua prima criticità. Da allora, il reattore nucleare di ricerca TAPIRO è stato utilizzato come sorgente di neutroni veloci per diverse attività di ricerca nell’ambito dell’aerospazio, della fusione nu- cleare, del bruciamento degli attinidi minori, degli acceleratori di particelle, della misura di sezioni d’urto, del danneggiamento biologico... Questo documento raccoglie la storia delle prime fasi di pro- gettazione e realizzazione dell’impianto e le principali attività effettuate nei successivi 50 anni. A com- pletare il documento c’è un elenco della documentazione tecnica prodotta nella fase di progettazione e delle pubblicazioni realizzate sulla base dei risultati sperimentali ottenuti con i neutroni prodotti dal TAPIRO. The zero-power fast research reactor TAPIRO was conceived in the early 1960s by the researchers of the Italian National Committee for Nuclear Energy (CNEN) to assist the Italian program on fast nuclear reactors. After the approval of the project in 1965, only 5 and a half years later, on April 2, 1971, TAPIRO provided its first stable neutron flux reaching its first criticality. Since then, the TAPIRO nuclear research reactor has been used as a source of fast neutrons for several research activities in the fields of aero-space, nuclear fusion, burning of mino years. To complete the document there is a list of the technical documentation produced in the design phase and actinides, particle accelerators, neutron cross sections measu- rement, biological damage.This document collects the history of the first phases of design and construction of the installation and the main activities carried out in the following 50 of the publications cresis of the experimental results obtained with the neutrons produced by TAPIRO.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2021
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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    Authors: Campiotti, C. A.; Gatti, L.; Giagnacovo, G.; Latini, A.; +16 Authors

    Il Rapporto Tecnico riporta alcuni risultati dell’attività di ricerca, sulla tematica “Sistemi verdi per la rigenerazione ecologica delle città”, condotta dal gruppo afferente al Laboratorio DUEE-SIST-NORD nell’ambito del Programma italiano “Ricerca di Sistema Elettrico” (RdS). La sperimentazione si è svolta principalmente sull’edificio F92 denominato “Scuola delle Energie” presso il CR ENEA Casaccia, nel quale sono stati implementati dei prototipi di “sistemi verdi” quali tetto, parete e serra bioclimatica “verdi”. Il Rapporto Tecnico è strutturato nelle due seguenti parti. Nella prima parte, viene trattato il contributo del verde per l’efficientamento energetico degli edifici. Sono inclusi un capitolo sulla metodologia dell’analisi del ciclo di vita (LCA) orientata all’aumento della sostenibilità ambientale attraverso tali infrastrutture verdi in città; un capitolo sulle tecniche di Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System (GIS) per valutarne l’efficienza ambientale, ed un capitolo sugli strumenti normativi cogenti e volontari per la loro implementazione a livello nazionale ed Europeo. Nella seconda parte, vengono trattati alcuni tra i più importanti benefici per l’ambiente, e quindi per la società, riconosciuti ai sistemi verdi in città, dovuti alle proprietà fisiologiche delle piante. Nei diversi capitoli vengono argomentati i numerosi servizi ecosistemici (SE), incluse le potenzialità di tali sistemi di mitigare l’effetto isola di calore in città, migliorando il clima locale, e di attenuare l’inquinamento dell’aria ambiente, migliorando la qualità dell’aria che si respira in città. Si sottolinea anche il ruolo del verde nella connessione ecologica tra le aree naturali volte a garantire la conservazione della biodiversità. The Technical Report reports some results of the research activity, on “greenery systems for the urban ecological regeneration”, carried out by the DUEE-SIST-NORD Laboratory group within the Italian Program " Electric System Research" (RdS). The experimentation took place mainly on the so-called “School of Energy” F92 building, at ENEA Casaccia RC, where of "green systems" prototypes for a green roof, wall and bioclimatic greenhouse have been implemented. This Technical Report is structured into two sections. In the first section, the contribution of greenery to the increase of energy efficiency in buildings is discussed. A chapter on the life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology, aimed at increasing environmental sustainability through green infrastructures in the city, and a chapter on Remote Sensing & Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, for assessing assess their environmental efficiency, have been included here. Furthermore, a chapter is dedicated to the existing regulatory tools, either mandatory as voluntary, which sustain the implementation of these plant systems in cities at both the national and the European levels. In the second section, some of the most important benefits provided by the green systems in cities to the environment and to the people are discussed. In the various chapters, the numerous ecosystem services (ES) are discussed, including the potential of these green systems to mitigate the urban heat island effect thus improving the local climate, and to mitigate ambient air pollution thus improving the air quality in cities. In addition, the key role played by urban greenery systems in the ecological connections among natural areas for ensuring the conservation of biodiversity is also emphasized.

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    ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2022
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    Authors: Pierro, N.; Giocoli, A.; De Bari, I.; Agostini, A.; +2 Authors

    Il Piano Nazionale Integrato per l’Energia e il Clima del 2019, assegna un ruolo prioritario al gas rinnovabile al fine del raggiungimento dei target di immissione al consumo di biocarburanti previsto dalla direttiva sulla promozione dell'uso dell'energia da fonti rinnovabili -RED II- in Unione Europea. In particolare si prevede nell’arco temporale 2021-2030 di applicazione del piano, nel settore trasporti, un utilizzo di biometano avanzato in forte crescita per arrivare nel 2030 a un consumo pari a 800 ktep annui (circa 1,1 miliardi di m3) rispetto ai 82 ktep di biometano avanzato immesso al consumo nel 2020 (Gestore Servizi Energetici s.p.a). Le stime di questo studio riguardano il potenziale teorico di biometano avanzato producibile in Italia da digestione anaerobica. Il potenziale determinato è teorico in quanto non tiene conto di un possibile uso alternativo dei substrati, quale ad esempio uso diretto (lasciato in campo, combustione o compostaggio), o di filiere di produzione di prodotti biobased(e.g. biopolimeri, biolubrificanti, biodiesel, altri intermediari di processi chimici, etc.) e/o di altri biocarburanti. La stima su base territoriale delle varie biomasse residuali fermentabili realizzata in questo studio, in termini quantitativi e di producibilità di biometano avanzato da upgrading del biogas, ha il grande vantaggio di contenere quel valore di allocazione geografica che permetterà una più corretta valutazione degli elementi di logistica ed integrazione delle reti energetiche con l’obiettivo di fornire agli stakeholders della filiera biogas-biometano avanzato una base dati su cui formulare studi di fattibilità di un sistema integrato di produzione. Il potenziale totale teorico calcolato con dati aggiornati al 2016 è valutato pari a circa 6,2 miliardi di m3 all’anno di biometano avanzato, ovvero un valore che ha lo stesso ordine di grandezza del gas naturale di origine fossile prodotta in Italia nel 2016 (6,0 miliardi di m3) e che è pari a circa l’8,7% dei consumi totali dello stesso anno (70,9 miliardi di m3). The Integrated National Plan for Energy and Climate (PNIEC) of 2019, assigns a priority role to renewable gas in order to achieve the targets for injection to the consumption of biofuels envisaged by the directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (REDII) in the European Union, foreseeing in the 2021-2030 period of application of the plan, in the transport sector, the use of advanced biomethane in strong growth to reach a consumption of 800 ktoe per year in 2030 (about 1,1 billion m3) compared to 82 ktoe of advanced biomethane in 2020 (Gestore Servizi Energetici s.p.a). The estimates of this study concern the theoretical potential of advanced biomethane that can be produced in Italy by anaerobic digestion. The determined potential is theoretical as it doesn’t take into account a possible alternative use of the substrates, for example direct use (left in the field, combustion or composting), or of production chains of biomaterials and/or other biofuels (e.g. biopolymers, biolubricants, biodiesel, other intermediaries of chemical processes, etc.). The estimate on a territorial basis of the various residual fermentable biomasses carried out in this study, in terms of quantities and producibility of advanced biomethane from biogas upgrading, has the great advantage of containing that value of geographical allocation that will allow a more correct evaluation of the elements of logistics and integration of energy networks with the aim of providing stakeholders in the advanced biogasbiomethane chain with a database on which to formulate feasibility studies of an integrated production system. The total theoretical potential calculated with data updated to 2016 is estimated to be approximately 6,2 billion m3 per year of advanced biomethane, i.e. a value that has the same order of magnitude as natural gas of fossil origin produced in Italy in 2016 (6,0 billion of m3) and which is equal to approximately 8,7% of total consumption in the same year (70,9 billion m3).

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2021
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    Authors: Roberto Pergreffi; Federico Rocchi; Antonio Guglielmelli;

    This report describes ENEA’s contribution to the WPCF/AFCS Expert Group benchmark on dose rate calculations. The results refer to the two parts in which the Benchmark is divided: 1. verification of the self-protection properties for spent PWR UOX and MOX fuel assemblies and code-to-code comparison of nuclide inventories and gamma dose rates; 2. validation of the gamma dose rates calculation strategy with the gamma dose rate measurements performed on a W15x15 UOX fuel assembly in 1981. In the verification part, five different calculation strategies were simultaneously used to compare the performance of the codes. Overall, a good agreement between the five strategies in terms of nuclide inventories, gamma sources and gamma dose rates is observed. In the validation part, the calculations were performed with Origen-S in the depletion and decay phases and MCNPX in the photon transport phase. The gamma dose rate values for the ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1977 conversion factor are around 20% higher than those for the ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1991 conversion factor. Compared to the measured values, the calculated ones differ at most -44% with the ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1977 factor and -55% with the ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1991 factor.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2020
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bacchetta, L.; Bernabei, L.; Bollanti, S.; Di Lazzaro, P.; +4 Authors

    Sono riportati in letteratura risultati di irraggiamenti di specie vegetali con radiazione ‘ultravioletta C’ (UV-C), che evidenziano una drastica riduzione della presenza di patogeni e di malattie pre- e postraccolta delle colture. Si tratta di una promettente tecnologia alternativa ai pesticidi, l’uso dei quali deve essere ridotto perché contribuisce all’inquinamento di suolo, acqua, e aria, e rappresenta un rischio per la salute di operatori e consumatori. I migliori effetti germicidi UV-C sono stati ottenuti usando lampade a mercurio a bassa pressione, che emettono radiazione alla lunghezza d’onda di 254 nm. Viceversa, i tentativi di ottenere effetti di ormesi usando lo stesso tipo di lampade hanno prodotto risultati incerti. Per ormesi intendiamo la stimolazione -tramite radiazione UV-C- di metaboliti in grado di aumentare le difese immunitarie naturali delle piante e quindi la resistenza ai patogeni. In questo Rapporto si descrive l'efficacia dei raggi UV-C alla lunghezza d’onda di 277 nm, emessi da matrici di Light Emitting Diodes (LED), per generare una risposta ormetica in piante di basilico, frutti di mele, fragole e limoni dopo irraggiamento ed esposizione ai patogeni fungini Botrytis cinerea e Pennicillium digitatum. I LED sono sorgenti di radiazione a stato solido che offrono diversi vantaggi rispetto alle lampade: sono più compatti, hanno maggiore resistenza agli urti, tempo di accensione immediato, possibilità di scegliere la lunghezza d’onda della radiazione UV-C tale da accordarsi sullo spettro di assorbimento dei patogeni senza generare ozono, ed un’alimentazione elettrica più semplice, a basso voltaggio. Excellent results have been reported on ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation to limit pre- and post-harvest diseases of fruit and vegetable crops. UV-C radiation appears a promising and sustainable technological substitute for pesticides, the use of which must be reduced because it damages the environment, and the health of operators and consumers. The best germicidal effects have been obtained using lowpressure mercury lamps, which emit radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm. Conversely, attempts to obtain hormesis effects using mercury lamps have produced uncertain results. Here for hormesis we mean a stimulation -through UV-C electromagnetic radiation- designed to increase the natural immune defenses, and therefore, resistance to pathogens. We have explored the effectiveness of a different UV-C wavelength (277 nm) emitted by Light Emitting Diodes (LED) to stimulate hormesis in basil plants, apples, strawberries, and lemons, after irradiation and exposure to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and Pennicillium digitatum. The LED are solid-state UV-C radiation sources that offer several advantages vs. the lamps: LED are much more compact, have greater resistance to shocks, shorter ignition time, a simpler electrical circuitry with a low working voltage, and choice of the wavelength of UV-C radiation such as not to generate ozone.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zimbardi, F.; Viola, E.; Arcieri, G.; Valerio, V.; +1 Authors

    Il pretrattamento di biomassa lignocellulosica per la sua trasformazione in biofuels e chemicals si basa su processi di trasformazione e separazione condotti a temperature relativamente elevate. Generalmente possono essere prodotte molecole aventi un effetto inibitorio rispetto ai successivi processi di fermentazione. Questi inibitori sono abbastanza facilmente allontanati mediante lavaggi con liquidi che però rimuovono anche i carboidrati solubili. Considerando che gli inibitori sono per lo più molecole a basso peso molecolare, è nata l’idea di provare ad allontanarli sfruttandone la volatilità. In questo lavoro è riportata una tecnica innovativa specificatamente messa a punto dagli autori per rimuovere gli inibitori formatisi nel pretrattamento di steam explosion di biomasse lignocellulosiche. Si è iniziato realizzando un proof of concept (TRL 2-3) con cui è stato dimostrato come fosse possibile detossificare un substrato lignocellulosico sfruttando la volatilità di alcune classi di inibitori. Il metodo è stato validato e perfezionato in laboratorio (TRL 4) e successivamente dimostrato e qualificato in un ambiente rilevante, anche sotto il profilo industriale, utilizzando una apparecchiatura commerciale operante a valle dell’impianto di pretrattamento steam explosion da 150 kg/h STELE installato nel Centro Ricerche ENEA della Trisaia (MT). É stato quindi raggiunto il TRL 8 in linea con quanto auspicato dal progetto PRIT (PRetrattamento Italiano), finanziato e realizzato nell’ambito del programma Industria 2015, nel cui contesto la ricerca è stata condotta. Sono stati ideati e dimostrate con successo 3 modalità operative: 1) Reattore a letto fisso consistente in un tubo di vetro incamiciato (termostatabile) all’interno del quale è confinato il materiale esploso contenente gli inibitori. 2) Reattore a letto fluidizzato consistente in un tubo di vetro simile al precedente ma oscillante. Infatti, contemporaneamente a un flusso di aria calda, il tubo è sottoposto a un’oscillazione verticale realizzata mediante aggancio con biella a un motore elettrico a numero di giri variabile. 3) Essiccatore pilota a letto fluidizzato. The pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for its transformation first into carbohydrates and then from these, through fermentation processes, into biofuels and chemicals, often involves the use of high-temperature techniques. This produces compounds derived from degradation processes which are called "inhibitors" because they hinder the microbial fermentation processes. Generally, inhibitors are low molecular weight molecules, therefore volatile. Inhibitors are commonly removed by washing with water; however water also removes the soluble carbohydrates. In this work, a specific and innovative removal technique of these inhibitors is reported. The substrate is biomass pretreated by steam explosion. We started by creating a proof of concept (TRL 2-3) with which it was demonstrated how it was possible to detoxify a lignocellulosic substrate by exploiting the volatility of some classes of inhibitors. The method was validated and perfected in the laboratory (TRL 4) and subsequently demonstrated and qualified in a relevant environment, also from an industrial point of view, using commercial equipment operating continuously downstream of the 150 kg / h steam explosion pretreatment plant STELE installed in the ENEA Research Center in Trisaia (MT). A TRL 8 was therefore achieved, in line with what was hoped for by the PRIT (PRetrattamento Italiano) project, funded and implemented under the 2015 Industry program and in the context of which the research was conducted. Overall, 3 types of equipment have been designed, realized and tested: 1) Fixed bed reactor consisting of a jacketed glass tube (thermostatable) inside which the exploded material containing the inhibitors is confined. 2) Fluidized bed reactor consisting in a glass tube similar to the previous one but oscillating. In fact, at the same time as a flow of hot air, the tube is subjected to a vertical oscillation achieved by coupling with a connecting rod to an electric motor with a variable number of revolutions. 3) Pilot fluidized bed dryer.

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    Other ORP type . 2021
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    Authors: Murra, D.; Aquilini, M.; Bollanti, S.; Di Lazzaro, P.; +4 Authors

    Le lunghezze d’onda comprese tra 200 e 280 nanometri, intervallo spettrale denominato UV-C, sono particolarmente adatte a debellare batteri e virus in quanto tale radiazione spezza i legami proteici e può danneggiare in modo irreversibile le catene del DNA/RNA. Sino a poco tempo fa, le sorgenti UV-C disponibili in commercio erano lampade a gas, basate tipicamente su deuterio, xenon, vapori di mercurio, o eccimeri. Queste lampade funzionano a tensioni piuttosto elevate, sono fragili e hanno tempi di accensione di diversi minuti prima di arrivare a regime ed emettere la potenza nominale. La disponibilità di LED (Light Emitting Diodes, dispositivi a stato solido) che emettono radiazione nell’intervallo dell’UV-C consente oggi di realizzare una “lampada”, basata su una matrice di tali sorgenti, che utilizza un alimentatore a bassa tensione, può essere disegnata in configurazioni geometriche adattabili ad ogni esigenza, si accende istantaneamente ed è meccanicamente molto robusta. In questo Rapporto Tecnico sono illustrati il progetto, la realizzazione e la caratterizzazione di una lampada a LED UV-C e del relativo alimentatore. È inoltre brevemente descritto un esperimento, a scopo fitosanitario, in cui tale lampada è stata utilizzata. Optical radiation with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nanometers, in the UV-C range, is particularly suitable for eradicating bacteria and viruses, as this radiation breaks protein bonds and can irreversibly damage DNA/RNA chains. Until recently, the commercial UV-C sources were gas lamps, typically based on deuterium, xenon, mercury vapor, or excimers. All of these lamps operate at quite high voltages, are fragile and require several minutes of warming up before working at full power. The availability of solid-state LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) that emit radiation in the UV-C range allows a “lamp” to be made by assembling an array of such light sources, which uses a low-voltage power supply, can be designed in geometric configurations adaptable to any need, turns on/off instantly and is robust. This Technical Report illustrates the work done at ENEA Frascati on the design and assembly of a UVC LED lamp and of its power supply, its characterization and application to a phytosanitary experiment.

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    Authors: Donatelli, A.; Caretto, F.; Casciaro, G.; Marciano', T.; +5 Authors

    This technical Report summarizes the development and implementation of a recycling process applied on end-of-life (EoL) reclaimed carbon fibers reinforced thermoplastics. Scientific activities are carried out within the REVALUE Project and are considered of primary importance in order to comply the Directive 2000/53/EC that sets out measures to prevent and limit waste from end-of-life vehicles and their components, and ensures that where possible this is reused, recycled or recovered [1]. The proposed recycling process consists in the following steps: comminution of materials by mechanical shredding and milling followed by extrusion and compression moulding. All the experimental activities were carried out in the laboratories of the ENEA Research Centre of Brindisi and composite materials considered for these activities were polypropylene (PP) or polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced with carbon fibers (rCFs) reclaimed by pyrolysis of decommissioned composite materials. In the first part of this document, the main issues encountered and the results of the activities are highlighted, together with the mass and energy balances of the overall operations, with the aim collect as more as possible information in view of potential scale-up of the process. In the second part the attention is focused on the characterization and analysis of intermediate and final products obtained by implementing the recycling process. The main goal of the characterizations are the validation of the effectiveness of the mechanical recycling process, as well as the learning of mechanical and physical properties of recycled components in view of exploitation of the results. Physical (density, fibre length, glass-transition temperature) as well as mechanical parameters (tensile strength, elastic modulus, Charpy impact energy, storage modulus and loss modulus) are measured and hereafter reported, and discussed.

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    Authors: Monteleone, F.; Anello, F.; Bommarito, C.; Cinelli, G.; +9 Authors

    Il presente rapporto descrive l’Osservatorio ENEA delle Madonie situato in località Piano Battaglia all’interno del Parco regionale delle Madonie nel territorio di Petralia Sottana (PA). L’Osservatorio è costituito da una stazione meteo, installata nel giugno 2016, con lo scopo di misurare i principali parametri meteorologici e da una cabina prefabbricata all’interno della quale è presente un sistema di prelievo di campioni di aria in flasks per la successiva determinazione, nei laboratori ENEA di Lampedusa, della concentrazione di alcuni gas-serra (CO2 e CH4) secondo standard internazionali. Il report, pur riportando in forma grafica i dati delle misure settimanali di anidride carbonica e metano a partire dal 2005, analizza i dati delle osservazioni meteorologiche in forma grafica e tabellare dal 1° luglio 2016 al 31 dicembre 2022. L’alta quota, la posizione geografica, l’assenza di contaminazioni locali e l’accuratezza delle misure rendono la stazione di “Madonie - Piano Battaglia”, un punto di eccellenza per il monitoraggio e lo studio dei complessi meccanismi legati al cambiamento climatico a scala regionale e globale; per tali specificità l’Organizzazione Meteorologica Mondiale (OMM) nel 2021 ha conferito all’Osservatorio ENEA delle Madonie il riconoscimento ufficiale di stazione regionale, rappresentativa per tutta l’area del Mediterraneo centrale, nell’ambito del Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), la rete mondiale per lo studio del clima globale (https://gawsis.meteoswiss.ch/GAWSIS/#/search/station/stationReportDetails/ 0-380-0-MDN ). This report describes the ENEA Climate Observatory located in Piano Battaglia within the Madonie Regional Park in the territory of Petralia Sottana (PA). The Observatory consists of a weather station installed in June 2016 with the aim of measuring the main meteorological parameters and a prefabricated cabin hosting is a system for collecting air samples in flasks for the subsequent determination, in the ENEA laboratories of Lampedusa, of the concentration of some greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) according to international standards. The report, while reporting in graphical form the data of weekly measurements of carbon dioxide and methane starting from 2005, analyzes the meteorological parameters in graphical and tabular form from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2022. The high altitude, the geographical position, the absence of local contamination and the accuracy of the measurements make the “Madonie-Piano Battaglia” station a point of excellence for monitoring and studying the complex mechanisms of climate change at regional and global scale; for these specificities, in 2021 the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) awarded the ENEA Madonie Observatory the official recognition of regional station, representative for the entire central Mediterranean area, within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), the global network for the study of the global climate (https://gawsis.meteoswiss.ch/GAWSIS/#/search/station/stationReportDetails/0-380-0-MDN).

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    Authors: Rao, M.; Lutero, G.;

    Uncertainty in energy and environmental statistics is a major issue in decision support to policy making. The need for timely and reliable statistics boosts the search for methods that reduce error in estimation. In this work, a method for estimating the uncertainty of energy and environmental statistics coming from different statistical sources is outlined, using as a framework a discussion on nature of uncertainty and the Black Swan problem is also outlined. The proposed method is then applied to an environmental problem using the concept of anti-fragility, to improve the decision support systems in energy policy analysis. L'incertezza nelle statistiche energetiche e ambientali è un fattore critico nel supporto decisionale nelle politiche energetiche. In questo lavoro è proposto un metodo per la stima di dati provenienti da diverse fonti statistiche a partire da una discussione sul la natura dell'incertezza e il problema del cigno nero. Il metodo proposto viene poi applicato ad un problema ambientale utilizzando il concetto di anti-fragilità, per migliorare i sistemi di supporto alle decisioni nell'analisi di politica energetica.

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    Authors: Zona, R.; Rosi, G.; Santagata, A.;

    Il Reattore Sorgente Veloce Taratura Pila Rapida a potenza zero (R.S.V. TAPIRO) fu concepito agli inizi degli anni ’60 dai ricercatori del Comitato Nazionale per l’Energia Nucleare (CNEN), come strumento di supporto al programma italiano sui reattori veloci. Dall’approvazione del progetto nel 1965, dopo solo 5 anni e mezzo, il 2 aprile del 1971 il TAPIRO produsse il suo primo flusso stabile di neutroni rag- giungendo la sua prima criticità. Da allora, il reattore nucleare di ricerca TAPIRO è stato utilizzato come sorgente di neutroni veloci per diverse attività di ricerca nell’ambito dell’aerospazio, della fusione nu- cleare, del bruciamento degli attinidi minori, degli acceleratori di particelle, della misura di sezioni d’urto, del danneggiamento biologico... Questo documento raccoglie la storia delle prime fasi di pro- gettazione e realizzazione dell’impianto e le principali attività effettuate nei successivi 50 anni. A com- pletare il documento c’è un elenco della documentazione tecnica prodotta nella fase di progettazione e delle pubblicazioni realizzate sulla base dei risultati sperimentali ottenuti con i neutroni prodotti dal TAPIRO. The zero-power fast research reactor TAPIRO was conceived in the early 1960s by the researchers of the Italian National Committee for Nuclear Energy (CNEN) to assist the Italian program on fast nuclear reactors. After the approval of the project in 1965, only 5 and a half years later, on April 2, 1971, TAPIRO provided its first stable neutron flux reaching its first criticality. Since then, the TAPIRO nuclear research reactor has been used as a source of fast neutrons for several research activities in the fields of aero-space, nuclear fusion, burning of mino years. To complete the document there is a list of the technical documentation produced in the design phase and actinides, particle accelerators, neutron cross sections measu- rement, biological damage.This document collects the history of the first phases of design and construction of the installation and the main activities carried out in the following 50 of the publications cresis of the experimental results obtained with the neutrons produced by TAPIRO.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2021
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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