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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marinari, R.; Angelucci, M.; Di Piazza, Ivan;

    The NACIE-UP experimental facility at the ENEA Brasimone Research Centre (Italy) allowed to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient of a wire-spaced fuel bundle cooled by lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Lead or lead-bismuth eutectic are very attractive as coolants for the GEN-IV fast reactors due to the good thermo-physical properties and the capability to fulfil the GEN-IV goals. Nevertheless, few experimental data on heat transfer with heavy liquid metals (HLM) are available in literature. Furthermore, just a few data can be identified on the specific topic of wire-spaced fuel bundle cooled by HLM. Additional analysis on thermo-fluid dynamic behaviour of the HLM inside the sub-channels of a rod bundle is necessary to support the design and safety assessment of GEN. IV/ADS reactors. In this context, a wire-spaced 19-pin fuel bundle was installed inside the NACIE-UP facility. The pin bundle is equipped with 67 thermocouples to monitor temperatures and analyse the heat transfer behaviour in different sub-channels and axial positions. The experimental campaign was part of the SEARCH FP7 EU project to support the development of the MYRRHA irradiation facility (SCK-CEN). Natural and mixed circulation flow regimes were investigated, with sub-channel Reynolds number in the range Resc=10^3-10^4 and heat flux in the range q''=50-500[kW/m2]. Local Nusselt numbers were calculated for five sub-channels in different ranks at three axial positions. Section-averaged Nusselt numbers were also calculated with two different definitions. Local Nusselt data showed good consistency with some of the correlation existing in literature for heat transfer in liquid metals for rod bundles. Local Nusselt numbers in peripheral ranks are lower, due to the presence of the hexagonal external wrap which affects the temperature profile.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ENEA Open Archivearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2015
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ENEA Open Archivearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2015
      Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Puiu, A.; Spizzichino, V.; Lazic, V.; Fiorani, L.; +5 Authors

    Il Laboratorio Diagnostiche e Metrologia (DIM) del Dipartimento FSN-TECFIS dell’ENEA ha, tra i suoi obiettivi, lo sviluppo di strumentazioni spettroscopiche per la diagnostica precoce e non distruttiva nonché la sua applicazione in numerosi campi quali agroalimentare, sicurezza ed ambiente. Nell’ambito della Infrastruttura Europea sul Food (METROFOOD) coordinata da ENEA BIOAG del Dipartimento SSPT l’utilizzo delle metodologie sviluppate possono contribuire ad una diagnostica sinergica in quanto si affianca al portfolio di strumentazione già prevista nel progetto. Le misure sono state eseguite su campioni di riso e tessuto di ostrica forniti dal progetto ma che possono essere sviluppate per applicazioni industriali I risultati ottenuti incoraggiano e confermano l’utilizzo delle tecniche spettroscopiche utilizzate, in quanto si sono dimostrate versatili ed utili per la diagnostica e la caratterizzazione non distruttiva dei prodotti studiati. Si propone anche lo sviluppo di strumenti dedicati al controllo della filiera agro-alimentare, in funzione della necessità e della matrice da analizzare. The development of innovative instruments for early and non-destructive detection in agro-food field is one of the objectives for Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory (DIM) of the FSN TECFIS Department of ENEA. In the framework of the European Infrastructure for promoting METROlogy in FOOD and nutrition (METROFOOD) lead by ENEA BIOAG -SSPT Department, the physics technologies can be useful tools, together with the portfolio instrumentation already available in the project, for a more comprehensive monitoring of food quality. The results obtained on Rice and Oyster, provided by the project, encourage and confirm the advantageous use of that technologies, for their adaptability and, mainly, for their peculiarities of early and non- destructive detection. The development of specific tools for the quality control in the agro-food chain is also proposed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ENEA Open Archivearrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2019
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2019
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mezi, Luca; Flora, Francesco; Bollanti, Sarah; Murra, Daniele; +1 Authors

    Presentiamo le tematiche scientifiche e tecnologiche affrontate durante l’irraggiamento di film poliimmide nano-ibridi con una dose di radiazione ultravioletta (uv) pari a 3.000 ore equivalenti di irraggiamento solare fuori dall’atmosfera terrestre, nell’ambito di un test per selezionare il materiale più adatto all’uso come substrato dei second surface mirrors nei telescopi spaziali. in particolare, discutiamo i dettagli relativi al calcolo della dose uv solare, alla taratura dei rivelatori, alla distribuzione spaziale dell’emissione uv della sorgente, all’effetto di ‘guida d’onda’ della camera da vuoto, alla dissipazione del calore in aria, in vuoto e in atmosfera controllata, al controllo remoto continuo (24 ore al giorno) sia della temperatura dei campioni, sia della radiazione della lampada. In the frame of a Project aiming at selecting substrates for second surface mirrors of space-telescopes, we present the scientific and technological issues addressed during irradiations of nano-hybrid polyimide films deposited on quartz with a ultraviolet (UV) dose of 3,000 space-equivalent Sun hours. In particular, we detail the calculation of the UV dose delivered by Sun, the calibration of the detectors, the spatial distribution of the UV radiation on samples, the remote control 24/24, 7/7 of both samples’ temperature and lamp radiation, the 'equivalent waveguide' effect of the vacuum chamber, the heat dissipation in air, in vacuum and in a helium atmosphere.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2017
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ENEA Open Archivearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martini, C.;

    In the second half of 2015, the GTAP network released GTAP 9 Data Base, including also electricity generated by renewable sources in GTAP-Power satellite data. This work is aimed at documenting the first attempts in building up a new version of GDyn-E ITA o del including renewable electricity. Two alternative versions have been tested, by referring to an existing version and policy scenarios, developed for the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project in which ENEA was involved. The alternatives differ in the industrial production function, and specifically relative to the modelisation of the nest using renewable electricity. In both cases, the results of the new versions of GDyn-E ITA model seem robust. When no difference is expected, results aligned with the existing version are obtained. By contrast, in other cases some reasonable differences are observed. Nella seconda metà del 2015, il network GTAP ha reso disponibile GTAP 9 Data Base, comprensivo anche dell’elettricità da fonti rinnovabili nel database satellite GTAP-Power. Questo lavoro è dedicato a documentare i primi tentativi nella costruzione di una nuova versione del modello GDyn-E ITA per l’utilizzo dell’elettricità da rinnovabili. Sono state testate due versioni alternative, riferendosi a una versione esistente e a scenari di policy sviluppati per il Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project al quale l’ENEA ha partecipato. Le alternative si differenziano per la funzione di produzione del settore industriale e nello specifico relativamente alla modellizzazione dei nest per l’uso dell’elettricità da rinnovabili. In entrambi i casi, i risultati delle due nuove versioni del modello GDyn-E ITA sembrano robusti.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2016
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2016
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fiorani, Luca; Aiuppa, A.; Nuvoli, Marcello; Maio, G.; +3 Authors

    Grazie al nuovo sistema di telerilevamento ambientale BILLI – Bridge Volcanic LIDAR, messo a punto dal gruppo di ricerca FSN-TECFIS-DIM dell’ENEA (CR Frascati), è stato possibile condurre una campagna sperimentale presso l’Etna (CT) – dal 28 Luglio al 1 Agosto 2016, allo scopo di rilevare la concentrazione di CO2 presente in eccesso all’interno del plume vulcanico, per fornire un’allerta precoce in caso di eruzione. Tale ricerca rientra nel progetto BRIDGE - Bridging the gap between gas emissions and geophysical observations at active volcanoes (progetto patrocinato dall’European Research Council). Thanks to the innovative, laser-based, remote sensing system, named BILLI – Bridge Volcanic LIDAR, developed at ENEA (RC of Frascati) by FSN-TECFIS-DIM research group, it has been possible to carry out an experimental campaign at the Mount Etna volcano (CT), from the 28th of July to the 1st of August, 2016. The main goal was to detect the exceedance of in-plume CO2 concentration, for early warning of volcanic eruptions. The research is funded by the ERC project BRIDGE – Bridging the gap between gas emissions and geophysical observations at active volcanoes.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2016
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2016
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    Authors: Console Camprini, Patrizio; Burn, Kenneth William;

    Support to IRSN in safety evaluations in PWR’s has proceeded. The final results were supplied in early March, 2015. Some further calculations were made to analyse the system in the light of the results already obtained. Variations on the basic model were: a 239Pu fission spectrum as source; a homogenous fission source in the core (for comparison purposes with results obtained at IRSN). The decoupled approach with the patch to read the pin-by-pin fission source and the DSA variance reduction patch in the second, fixed source, part of the calculation has performed satisfactorily. All the requested neutron and gamma responses have been generated with a sufficiently small statistical error and within the project deadlines. The innovative, single-calculation approach is currently being tested on this problem. Current indications are that the fundamental mode must be verified with an analogue calculation to ensure that the error estimates on the ex-core responses are correct.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2015
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2015
      Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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    Authors: Murra, D.; Aquilini, M.; Bollanti, S.; Di Lazzaro, P.; +4 Authors

    Le lunghezze d’onda comprese tra 200 e 280 nanometri, intervallo spettrale denominato UV-C, sono particolarmente adatte a debellare batteri e virus in quanto tale radiazione spezza i legami proteici e può danneggiare in modo irreversibile le catene del DNA/RNA. Sino a poco tempo fa, le sorgenti UV-C disponibili in commercio erano lampade a gas, basate tipicamente su deuterio, xenon, vapori di mercurio, o eccimeri. Queste lampade funzionano a tensioni piuttosto elevate, sono fragili e hanno tempi di accensione di diversi minuti prima di arrivare a regime ed emettere la potenza nominale. La disponibilità di LED (Light Emitting Diodes, dispositivi a stato solido) che emettono radiazione nell’intervallo dell’UV-C consente oggi di realizzare una “lampada”, basata su una matrice di tali sorgenti, che utilizza un alimentatore a bassa tensione, può essere disegnata in configurazioni geometriche adattabili ad ogni esigenza, si accende istantaneamente ed è meccanicamente molto robusta. In questo Rapporto Tecnico sono illustrati il progetto, la realizzazione e la caratterizzazione di una lampada a LED UV-C e del relativo alimentatore. È inoltre brevemente descritto un esperimento, a scopo fitosanitario, in cui tale lampada è stata utilizzata. Optical radiation with wavelengths between 200 and 280 nanometers, in the UV-C range, is particularly suitable for eradicating bacteria and viruses, as this radiation breaks protein bonds and can irreversibly damage DNA/RNA chains. Until recently, the commercial UV-C sources were gas lamps, typically based on deuterium, xenon, mercury vapor, or excimers. All of these lamps operate at quite high voltages, are fragile and require several minutes of warming up before working at full power. The availability of solid-state LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) that emit radiation in the UV-C range allows a “lamp” to be made by assembling an array of such light sources, which uses a low-voltage power supply, can be designed in geometric configurations adaptable to any need, turns on/off instantly and is robust. This Technical Report illustrates the work done at ENEA Frascati on the design and assembly of a UVC LED lamp and of its power supply, its characterization and application to a phytosanitary experiment.

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    Authors: Baldassarre, F.; Di Sanzo, Giuseppe; De Vincenzis, G.; Morgana, Massimo; +1 Authors

    La collaborazione scientifica fra ENEA e Treibacher Industry AG (TIAG) è basata sulla ricerca e ottimizzazione di un processo idro-metallurgico atto ad estrarre e purificare terre rare (in particolare Ittrio) da rifiuti e altri materiali grezzi. Questa ricerca incontra anche gli interessi ENEA in merito alla salvaguardia ambientale e alla sostenibilità. Al fine di traguardare questi comuni interessi, è stato stilato un accordo che ha coronato la proficua collaborazione e lo scambio di conoscenze di due team di ricerca (uno di ENEA e l’altro di TIAG) con le relative apparecchiature nel triennio 2013-2015. Uno dei temi di ricerca ruotava attorno all’uso di fluidi supercritici e complessanti per estrarre e purificare terre rare da varie matrici. L’Anidride Carbonica (CO2) in condizioni supercritiche, finora ampiamente utilizzata per estrarre e concentrare composti organici da matrici vegetali, recentemente ha trovato un nuovo campo di applicazione nell’estrazione dei metalli. Quest’applicazione in genere necessita di un complessante e fra i complessanti più utilizzati figura il Ter-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). In particolare combinando TBP con l’acido nitrico e l’acqua si possono creare diverse tipologie di complessanti la cui formula bruta si può riassumere nella formula generica TBP(HNO3)x(H2O)y spesso riportata in letteratura [1-31]. In questo lavoro è stato utilizzato di uno dei complessanti appartenenti a questa famiglia su una matrice semplificata di ossidi di terre rare contenente La2O3, Nd2O3, Eu2O3, and Y2O3 con lo scopo di iniziare un’indagine tesa a valutare le migliori condizioni di lavoro per incrementare sia le rese di estrazione che la separazione e la purezza delle terre rare estratte. In particolare l’ottimizzazione ricercata in questo lavoro si riferisce, sia ai tempi di contatto fra la matrice semplificata e il sistema estraente costituito da CO2 supercritica e complessante, che alla quantità di matrice sottoposta al processo di estrazione. La scelta della matrice semplificata (solo 4 terre rare) è legata alla necessità (in questa fase iniziale della ricerca) di limitare le variabili in gioco. La scelta proprio delle 4 terre rare La, Nd, Eu, Y è legata alla necessità di Treibacher di mettere a punto un efficiente sistema di estrazione e purificazione di Y a partire da matrici complesse contenenti le 4 terre rare indicate. La suddetta matrice semplificata suggerita da Treibacher incontra anche le esigenze di ricerca dell’ENEA in quanto questa matrice mima, non solo la composizione di alcune rocce minerarie provenienti da giacimenti di terre rare, ma anche la composizione di alcuni RAEE, e quindi, l’approfondimento delle conoscenze relative alla estrazione, separazione e purificazione delle terre rare di questa matrice semplificata, può trovare applicazione in ambito industriale favorendo la salvaguardia ambientale e lo sviluppo sostenibile. Infine è bene sottolineare che le 4 terre rare scelte, avendo proprietà chimico-fisiche fra loro differenti, costituiscono una matrice semplificata da cui si potrebbero teorizzare applicazioni su modelli più complessi. Nell’ambito di questa ricerca sono anche state testate le potenzialità di questo approccio di estrazione e purificazione anche su una polvere ottenuta da lampade esauste conferita da TIAG. The scientific collaboration between ENEA and Treibacher Industry AG (TIAG) had the aim to develop a novel hydrometallurgical extraction process for the recovery of rare earths, and Yttrium in particular, from waste or other new alternative raw material sources. Research activities were carried out by the two groups using facilities, available laboratories and sharing know-how and skills. Within this cooperation, between 2013 and 2015, ENEA fitted its mission on sustainable development and environmental safety, and TIAG reached an efficient extraction and purification process. Among the tested extraction methods was employed also a bench scale plant, working with supercritical fluids, usually busy for the extraction of natural essences and oils. Supercritical CO2 technique (CO2-SC) is nowadays mostly used to extract organic compounds from vegetal matrices. Recently it has found, in metal extraction, a new application field. CO2-SC assisted metal extractions, usually needs a ligand among which the Ter-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) is one of the most employed. For these applications, among the TBP-based ligands, the ones obtained combining TBP and nitric acid, having the non-specific formula TBP(HNO3)x(H2O)y, often are reported in literature [1-31]. These ligands were studied in this work on a simple matrix containing a mix of La2O3, Nd2O3, Eu2O3, and Y2O3 (granulometry ≤ 40 μm) in order to reach the best working condition for the extraction, separation and purification of every rare earth. Among the rare earths these four (La, Nd, Eu, Y) are often present, either in mining rocks, or in WEEEs, are among the more precious, and cover almost all the different chemical-physical properties of the rare earths. Thus they were chosen with the aim of create a simple but representative matrix. The CO2-SC technique was also tested on a waste powder obtained from lamps and delivered by TIAG.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2018
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2018
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    Authors: Tuccillo, A.; Nguyen, F.; Dattoli, G.;

    LHC confirmed many theoretical predictions, dating back to the second half of the 20th century. In addition to confirming the most striking one, namely proving the existence of the Brout-Englert-Higgs (BEH) boson, others – even though with minor emphasis from the media, because accurately appreciated only by experts – have been completing a theoretical framework, consolidated since the ’70 and ’80 years. In particular, the existence of baryons made up of 2 heavy quarks has been confirmed by the analysis of experimental data and discussion about producing baryons with a possible even larger mass has just started. The production mechanism is characterized by a process that implies the “fusion” of two baryons with only one heavy quark, the formation of an exotic state with six quarks, then the associated decay into a nucleon plus a baryon with two heavy quarks and a significant energy release, due to the mass difference between initial particles and those produced from the decay. Since some speculations raised on exploiting such a new source of energy, we will discuss whether there are conditions to effectively guarantee such a use. LHC ha confermato molte previsioni teoriche, che datavano alla seconda metà del 900. A parte la più eclatante, ovvero la prova dell’esistenza del bosone BEH (Brout-Englert-Higgs), altre, se pure con minore enfasi mediatica perché note solo agli addetti ai lavori, stanno completando un quadro teorico che si era consolidato tra gli anni 70 e 80. In particolare l’esistenza di barioni costituiti da 2 quark pesanti, sono stati confermati dall’analisi dei dati sperimentali e si è cominciato a discutere della possibile produzione di barioni di massa ancora maggiore. Il meccanismo di produzione è caratterizzato da un processo che implica la “fusione” di due barioni con un solo quark pesante, la formazione di uno stato esotico a sei quark, il relativo decadimento in un nucleone, un barione contenente due quark pesanti e un significativo rilascio di energia, dovuto alla differenza di massa tra le particelle iniziali e quelle di decadimento. Poiché si è speculato su un possibile uso di tale“nuova fonte” di energia, discuteremo se esistano le condizioni che ne garantiscano un effettivo utilizzo.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2018
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2018
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    Authors: Di Pietra, Biagio; Piacentino, Salvatore; Monteleone, Francesco; Bommarito, Carlo; +6 Authors

    Negli ultimi 30 anni misure di spessore ottico dell’aerosol sono divenute sempre più comuni, sia grazie alla presenza di reti internazionali di fotometri solari (e.g. AERONET, SkyNet, SkyRad, AeroCan) che per le stime ricavate da misure satellitari (e.g MODIS). Queste misure sono comunemente utilizzate sia per ricerche riguardo i cambiamenti climatici, che per tematiche inerenti la qualità dell’aria e l’efficienza dei sistemi ad energia solare. Per ottenere stime accurate dello spessore ottico dell’aerosol da fotometri solari è indispensabile utilizzare procedure di calibrazione oggettive e ripetibili. Il metodo più diffuso per la calibrazione in campo dei fotometri solari viene chiamato Langley plot. Questo rapporto tecnico descrive l’implementazione di un algoritmo oggettivo che applichi questo metodo a lunghe serie temporali, in maniera completamente automatica. L’algoritmo è stato applicato alle misure acquisite tra il 2013 ed il 2017 dal fotometro solare SP02 prodotto dalla ditta Middelton, installato sul tetto della Stazione di Osservazione Climatiche ENEA di Lampedusa (http://www.lampedusa. enea.it). I risultati sono discussi mediante il confronto con i valori di spessore ottico ricavati da un radiometro di riferimento installato presso l’Osservatorio, anche tenendo conto dell’impatto che i fenomeni di deposizione possono avere sulle misure del SP02. L’algoritmo ha dato prova di funzionare correttamente e verrà applicato ad altri siti di misura caratterizzati da diverse condizione climatiche dove operano i ricercatori del Laboratorio di Osservazione e Analisi della Terra e del Clima, tra cui l’Osservatorio Atmosferico Artico di Thule nel nord della Groenlandia (http://www.thuleatmos-it.it/). During the last 30 years measurements of aerosol optical depth have become widely diffuse due to the presence of international measurement networks (e.g., AERONET, SkyNet, SkyRad, AeroCan) and to the available determinations by satellite sensors (e.g MODIS). Nowadays these measurements are commonly used for studies on climate change, air quality, and solar energy production. The use of objective and repeatable procedures is mandatory to be able to accurately estimate the aerosol optical depth by sun photometer. The most common method applied for the in situ sun photometers’ calibration is named Langley plot. This technical report describes the implementation of a fully automatic objective algorithm that applies this method to long time series. The algorithm has been applied to measurements carried out between 2013 and 2017 at the ENEA Station for Climate Observations on the island of Lampedusa by a SP02 Middelton sun photometer (http://www.lampedusa.enea.it). The discussion of the results is carried out comparing the retrieved aerosol optical depth with that estimated by a reference shadowband radiometer installed at the Observatory. The analysis also takes into account the influence produced by particles’ deposition on SP02 measurements. The algorithm has been tested and works properly in the difficult environmental conditions occurring at Lampedusa. The method will be applied to other operational sites in different climatic regimes run by the Laboratory Observation and Analyses of Earth and Climate, such as the Thule High Artic Atmospheric Observatory (THAAO, http://www.thuleatmos-it.it/) in north-western Greenland.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2018
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    Authors: Marinari, R.; Angelucci, M.; Di Piazza, Ivan;

    The NACIE-UP experimental facility at the ENEA Brasimone Research Centre (Italy) allowed to evaluate the heat transfer coefficient of a wire-spaced fuel bundle cooled by lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE). Lead or lead-bismuth eutectic are very attractive as coolants for the GEN-IV fast reactors due to the good thermo-physical properties and the capability to fulfil the GEN-IV goals. Nevertheless, few experimental data on heat transfer with heavy liquid metals (HLM) are available in literature. Furthermore, just a few data can be identified on the specific topic of wire-spaced fuel bundle cooled by HLM. Additional analysis on thermo-fluid dynamic behaviour of the HLM inside the sub-channels of a rod bundle is necessary to support the design and safety assessment of GEN. IV/ADS reactors. In this context, a wire-spaced 19-pin fuel bundle was installed inside the NACIE-UP facility. The pin bundle is equipped with 67 thermocouples to monitor temperatures and analyse the heat transfer behaviour in different sub-channels and axial positions. The experimental campaign was part of the SEARCH FP7 EU project to support the development of the MYRRHA irradiation facility (SCK-CEN). Natural and mixed circulation flow regimes were investigated, with sub-channel Reynolds number in the range Resc=10^3-10^4 and heat flux in the range q''=50-500[kW/m2]. Local Nusselt numbers were calculated for five sub-channels in different ranks at three axial positions. Section-averaged Nusselt numbers were also calculated with two different definitions. Local Nusselt data showed good consistency with some of the correlation existing in literature for heat transfer in liquid metals for rod bundles. Local Nusselt numbers in peripheral ranks are lower, due to the presence of the hexagonal external wrap which affects the temperature profile.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2015
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2015
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    Authors: Puiu, A.; Spizzichino, V.; Lazic, V.; Fiorani, L.; +5 Authors

    Il Laboratorio Diagnostiche e Metrologia (DIM) del Dipartimento FSN-TECFIS dell’ENEA ha, tra i suoi obiettivi, lo sviluppo di strumentazioni spettroscopiche per la diagnostica precoce e non distruttiva nonché la sua applicazione in numerosi campi quali agroalimentare, sicurezza ed ambiente. Nell’ambito della Infrastruttura Europea sul Food (METROFOOD) coordinata da ENEA BIOAG del Dipartimento SSPT l’utilizzo delle metodologie sviluppate possono contribuire ad una diagnostica sinergica in quanto si affianca al portfolio di strumentazione già prevista nel progetto. Le misure sono state eseguite su campioni di riso e tessuto di ostrica forniti dal progetto ma che possono essere sviluppate per applicazioni industriali I risultati ottenuti incoraggiano e confermano l’utilizzo delle tecniche spettroscopiche utilizzate, in quanto si sono dimostrate versatili ed utili per la diagnostica e la caratterizzazione non distruttiva dei prodotti studiati. Si propone anche lo sviluppo di strumenti dedicati al controllo della filiera agro-alimentare, in funzione della necessità e della matrice da analizzare. The development of innovative instruments for early and non-destructive detection in agro-food field is one of the objectives for Diagnostics and Metrology Laboratory (DIM) of the FSN TECFIS Department of ENEA. In the framework of the European Infrastructure for promoting METROlogy in FOOD and nutrition (METROFOOD) lead by ENEA BIOAG -SSPT Department, the physics technologies can be useful tools, together with the portfolio instrumentation already available in the project, for a more comprehensive monitoring of food quality. The results obtained on Rice and Oyster, provided by the project, encourage and confirm the advantageous use of that technologies, for their adaptability and, mainly, for their peculiarities of early and non- destructive detection. The development of specific tools for the quality control in the agro-food chain is also proposed.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2019
    Data sources: ENEA Open Archive
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2019
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    Authors: Mezi, Luca; Flora, Francesco; Bollanti, Sarah; Murra, Daniele; +1 Authors

    Presentiamo le tematiche scientifiche e tecnologiche affrontate durante l’irraggiamento di film poliimmide nano-ibridi con una dose di radiazione ultravioletta (uv) pari a 3.000 ore equivalenti di irraggiamento solare fuori dall’atmosfera terrestre, nell’ambito di un test per selezionare il materiale più adatto all’uso come substrato dei second surface mirrors nei telescopi spaziali. in particolare, discutiamo i dettagli relativi al calcolo della dose uv solare, alla taratura dei rivelatori, alla distribuzione spaziale dell’emissione uv della sorgente, all’effetto di ‘guida d’onda’ della camera da vuoto, alla dissipazione del calore in aria, in vuoto e in atmosfera controllata, al controllo remoto continuo (24 ore al giorno) sia della temperatura dei campioni, sia della radiazione della lampada. In the frame of a Project aiming at selecting substrates for second surface mirrors of space-telescopes, we present the scientific and technological issues addressed during irradiations of nano-hybrid polyimide films deposited on quartz with a ultraviolet (UV) dose of 3,000 space-equivalent Sun hours. In particular, we detail the calculation of the UV dose delivered by Sun, the calibration of the detectors, the spatial distribution of the UV radiation on samples, the remote control 24/24, 7/7 of both samples’ temperature and lamp radiation, the 'equivalent waveguide' effect of the vacuum chamber, the heat dissipation in air, in vacuum and in a helium atmosphere.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2017
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2017
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    Authors: Martini, C.;

    In the second half of 2015, the GTAP network released GTAP 9 Data Base, including also electricity generated by renewable sources in GTAP-Power satellite data. This work is aimed at documenting the first attempts in building up a new version of GDyn-E ITA o del including renewable electricity. Two alternative versions have been tested, by referring to an existing version and policy scenarios, developed for the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project in which ENEA was involved. The alternatives differ in the industrial production function, and specifically relative to the modelisation of the nest using renewable electricity. In both cases, the results of the new versions of GDyn-E ITA model seem robust. When no difference is expected, results aligned with the existing version are obtained. By contrast, in other cases some reasonable differences are observed. Nella seconda metà del 2015, il network GTAP ha reso disponibile GTAP 9 Data Base, comprensivo anche dell’elettricità da fonti rinnovabili nel database satellite GTAP-Power. Questo lavoro è dedicato a documentare i primi tentativi nella costruzione di una nuova versione del modello GDyn-E ITA per l’utilizzo dell’elettricità da rinnovabili. Sono state testate due versioni alternative, riferendosi a una versione esistente e a scenari di policy sviluppati per il Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project al quale l’ENEA ha partecipato. Le alternative si differenziano per la funzione di produzione del settore industriale e nello specifico relativamente alla modellizzazione dei nest per l’uso dell’elettricità da rinnovabili. In entrambi i casi, i risultati delle due nuove versioni del modello GDyn-E ITA sembrano robusti.

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    ENEA Open Archive
    Other ORP type . 2016
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      ENEA Open Archive
      Other ORP type . 2016
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    Authors: Fiorani, Luca; Aiuppa, A.; Nuvoli, Marcello; Maio, G.; +3 Authors