The natural geographer Axel Hamberg (1863-1933) became the funder of the research in the mountain massif, Sarek, Sweden, the area known as Sweden’s last wild life area. He based his thesis on the research results from Sarek. He installed instruments for hydrographical and metrological measurements, as well as for sun hour registrations. However, he was only present in the summers/autumns, so to keep the measurements on an annual basis did he hire Sámi as research assistants. Lars Nilsson Tuorda (1858-1930) became the most hired one, and was employed as a regular for almost two decades. Tuorda made most of the annual registrations and measurements in the Sarek research, supervised logistics in the area, and became in charge of the financial aspect of the research organisation when Hamberg was not present. Tuorda’s responsibility was massive. In Hamberg’s published scientific works are the efforts made by Tuorda, and other extras and assistants, not mentioned. Tourda’s, and others’ jobs, were only revealed in Tuorda’s letters to Hamberg, and in Hamberg’s private field diaries. Hamberg made the efforts of his assistants invisible before the reading public, and the scientific community. This also means that Hamberg based his thesis on scientific works he did not all execute himself, leaving beside the knowledge his Sámi co-workers provided for him, knowledge that he was in great need of in his work in Sarek. My own research is to reveal the extent of the works and efforts made by Hamberg’s hired assistants, in particular Lars Nilsson Tuorda’s work in Hamberg’s Sarek research organisation. Naturgeografen Axel Hamberg (1863-1933) inledde forskningen i den svenska massiven Sarek. Hambergs forskning var beroende på hjälp från ett antal Sámiska forskningsassistenter, bland annat Lars Nilsson Tuorda (1858-1930), vars roll var avgörande för Hambergs forskning. Den här studien utforskar bredden och vikten av de Sámiska forskningsassistenternas bidrag till Hambergs forskning i Sarek.
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Syftet med denna text är att problematisera riksdagens roll i svensk politisk historia, ca 1600–1900, och dess bidrag till utvecklingen mot demokrati och allmän rösträtt. För det första stärkte riksdagsrepresentanterna monarkin på riksdagens bekostnad vid flera tillfällen och bytte långsiktigt institutionellt inflytande mot vinster i enskilda sakfrågor. Vid andra tillfällen var de märkbart passiva och oförmögna att förhindra monarkin. Riksdagen utgjorde en tveksam och svag bastion för folkrepresentation och man kan hävda att riksdagen mellan 1611 och 1809 hade en svag ställning gentemot kungen i 94 år, nästan hälften av perioden. Detta förändrades dock mellan 1809 och 1866, trots att det fanns flera likheter i det politiska ramverket, samt politiska förutsättningar för ytterligare ett skifte till en stark monarki och en svag eller upplöst riksdag. Ståndsriksdagens sista 50 år utgör således en nyckelperiod om vi vill förstå varför riksdagen slutligen intog en stark ställning i den svenska politiska kulturen. Denna fråga berör inte bara historiker, utan också människor som är intresserade av hur och varför representativa församlingar blir lika eller mer legitima än auktoritära alternativ. Eftersom vi lever i en period där demokratiska institutioner och värderingar ifrågasätts är det viktigt att förstå hur de kom att omfamnas i första hand.
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citations | 0 | |
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influence | Average | |
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Osteoarchaeological analysis of human remains from the Neolithic site Åloppe, Norrskog. The material has been analyzed during two occasions, partly in connection with the faunal analysis (see Gummesson 2008) and partly separately where also material that did not have context information was included. The material has been analyzed at the osteoarchaeological research laboratory at Stockholm University and its reference collections have been used. The database is in Swedish and Latin. Osteoarkeologisk analys av mänskliga lämningar från den neolitiska lokalen Åloppe, Norrskog. Materialet har analyserats i två omgångar, dels i samband med att fauna materialet analyserades (se Gummesson 2008) och dels separat där även material som inte haft kontextinformation ingått. Materialet har analyserats vid osteoarkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet vid Stockholms universitet och dess referenssamlingar har använts. Databasen är utformad på svenska och latin.
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‘Public health’ investigates the determinants of health, born during the Enlightenment in the seventeenth/eighteenth century. But ‘public health’ is also policies, aiming at the improvement of a population’s health. There is a mutual interchange between public health as science and as politics. A brief historical background is followed by an analysis of the impacts of political changes during the first two decades of the twenty first century in Sweden. In 2005, a policy document accepted by all political parties except for the Moderate Party highlighted socio-economic factors and structural reforms to decrease the health gaps in the population. The general election in September 2006 resulted in a new majority in the parliament and a center-right coalition government, including the Moderates and three parties that had approved of the 2005 document. In 2007 a “new public health policy” was introduced. Its priority lists stressed individual behavior and the new policy should be incentives to work instead of “allowances”. The Public Health Institute got instructions in accordance with the new policy. The ten years following this policy change has seen public health policies and attitudes to research shifting almost year by year. The new policy met a counter-stream from the very beginning. Influenced by Michael Marmot’s WHO Commission on health inequalities, regional commissions started in Sweden, Recommendations how to decrease social health gaps was adopted with almost no opposition by regional health boards in 2012–2013. But new problems were now occupying politicians and media—how to finance the growth of the old, multi-sick part of the population and increasing costs for new medical technologies and drugs. Public health as an academic discipline was in the middle of this fluctuating political landscape with direct effects on what has been considered worth listening to or support by public money.
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citations | 3 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
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handle: 10138/278433
Interdisciplinary research in the fields of forestry and sustainability studies often encounters seemingly incompatible ontological assumptions deriving from natural and social sciences. The perceived incompatibilities might emerge from the epistemological and ontological claims of the theories or models directly employed in the interdisciplinary collaboration, or they might be created by other epistemological and ontological assumptions that these interdisciplinary researchers find no reason to question. In this paper we discuss the benefits and risks of two possible approaches, Popperian optimism and Kuhnian pessimism, to interdisciplinary knowledge integration where epistemological and ontological differences between the sciences involved can be expected.
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citations | 8 | |
popularity | Top 10% | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Top 10% |
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I detta arbete undersöks huruvida planering och resultat angående infrastruktur och expansion av bebyggelse kan ha en påverkan på dagens socioekonomiska förhållanden. Arbetet ska genom dokumentstudier av äldre general-, trafik-, översikts- och detaljplaner från 1920- till 1990-talet samt litteraturstudier angående stadsbyggnadsprinciper besvara detta. Dessutom granskas resvaneundersökningar för respektive stad samt dagens utbud, tidtabeller och restider. De valda förorterna är Saltsjöbaden, Vällingby, Skärholmen och Rinkeby i Storstockholm samt Långedrag, Kortedala, Länsmansgården och Rannebergen i Storgöteborg. Alla förorter är etablerade under 1900-talet och ligger geografiskt sett ungefär lika långt från deras respektive stadskärna. Arbetets frågeställning är vilka stadsbyggnadsprinciper som påverkar infrastrukturen i förorter, i vilken utsträckning planeringen av infrastrukturen skiljer sig jämfört med dagens läge och om det finns ett samband mellan socioekonomiska skillnader och ej genomförda planer. Tidigare forskning visar på många faktorer till varför olika förorter blivit socioekonomiskt utsatta, exempelvis bidrar den monotona och storskaliga arkitekturen till sämre attraktivitet. Resultatet för detta arbete tyder på att även planer som inte fullständigt genomförts skulle kunna ha en negativ effekt på det socioekonomiska indexet och därmed varför vissa förorter blivit utsatta och mindre attraktiva. Detta eftersom det finns skillnad i planeringen av ABC- och sovstäder då det finns ett större behov av fungerande infrastruktur där det inte finns möjlighet att arbeta där man bor. I Rannebergen fullföljdes aldrig planerna om varken en spårväg, centrum eller arbetsmöjligheter i närområdet och detta område har även ett av de lägre socioekonomiska indexen idag. I både Rannebergen och Rinkeby färdigställdes kollektivtrafiken först flera år efter att de första invånarna flyttade till platserna och liksom Rannebergen har Rinkeby ett lägre socioekonomiskt index idag. Däremot finns inga tydliga mönster vad gäller frekvenser och restider mellan stadsdelarna och deras socioekonomiska situationer. Slutsatsen av detta arbete är att planer angående exempelvis centrum, arbetsplatser och infrastruktur bör fullföljas enligt planerna och färdigställas så snabbt som möjligt för stadsdelar som inte är självförsörjande gällande exempelvis centrum och arbetsplatser. In this paper it is investigated whether planning and the results regarding infrastructure and expansion of settlements of some suburbs have an impact on today’s socioeconomic situation. This paper will answer this by doing document studies of the older plans, general plans, traffic plans, overview plans, detail plans, between the 1920s and the 1990s, as well as making literature studies regarding principles in urban planning. In addition to this, habit surveys for traveling for each city as well as today’s situation, timetables and travel times are analyzed. The chosen suburbs are Saltsjöbaden, Vällingby, Skärholmen and Rinkeby in Stockholm and Långedrag, Kortedala, Länsmansgården and Rannebergen in Gothenburg. All of the chosen suburbs were established during the 19th century and are located at the same distance from the city center. The question in this paper is which principle in the urban planning affects the infrastructure in the suburb and to what extent the planning of the infrastructure differs in comparison to today’s situation and lastly if there is a pattern between socioeconomic index and unimplemented plans. Previous research points towards different factors to why various suburbs are socioeconomic vulnerable, for example the monotonous and large-scale architecture contribute to poorer attractiveness. The result of this paper points towards that plans which not fully are implemented also could have a negative impact on the socioeconomic situation and could be a reason why different suburbs are vulnerable and not as attractive as others. This is because there are differences in the planning of ABC-cities and dormitory suburbs as there is a greater need for functioning infrastructure where it is not possible to work where you live. In Rannebergen the plans were not completed concerning neither the tramway, the city center or work opportunities in the immediate area and this area also has a lower socioeconomic situation today. In both Rannebergen and Rinkeby the public transport were completed several years after the first inhabitants moved to the areas and like Rannebergen, Rinkeby also has a lower socioeconomic situation today. However, there are no clear patterns in terms of frequencies and journey times between the areas and their socioeconomic situations. The conclusion of this paper is that the plans concerning for example city centers, working opportunities and infrastructure should be completed as quickly as possible for districts that are not self-sustaining concerning for example city centers and working opportunities.
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popularity | Average | |
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Le noyau Borenshult-1, foré à proximité de Motala, à l'est du lac Vättern, dans le centre-sud de la Suède, comprend une succession bien datée et presque complète de carbonates marins marneux déposés relativement près de la terre. Les 34 échantillons de noyau analysés pour la palynologie englobent la partie supérieure du Darriwilian (calcaire de Furudal), l'ensemble du Sandbian (calcaire de Dalby, k-bentonite de Kinnekulle et calcaire de Skagen inférieur) et la partie inférieure du Katian (calcaire de Skagen). L'âge de cet intervalle est bien limité au Darriwilian tardif (tranche de stade Dw3)précoce Katian (Stage slice Ka1), basé sur les conodontes et la datation 206Pb/238U des dépôts de cendres volcaniques. Les échantillons ont produit principalement du phytoplancton marin à parois organiques, principalement des acritarches, avec des chitinozoaires subordonnés, des scolécodontes et des fragments de graptolites. Des palynomorphes terrestres épars, représentés par des cryptospores et des spores triletes, ont également été trouvés dans 23 des échantillons. Un total de 154 espèces d'acritarches correspondant à 53 genres a été identifié, ainsi que de faibles pourcentages de formes anormales (formes teratologiques) d'espèces d'acritarches à certains niveaux. La distribution graphique strati des genres et des espèces a permis trois assemblages palynologiques à distinguer : Assemblage A d'un âge Darriwilien tardif, Assemblage B d'un âge Sandbien (subdivisé en sous-assemblages B1 et B2), et Assemblage C daté comme Katian.Genera tels que Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium et Orthosphaeridum, qui sont communs dans les assemblages de phytoplancton Ordovicien moyen de Baltica, sont bien représentés, avec plusieurs espèces, principalement dans l'Assemblage A et le sous-assemblage B1, jusqu'au Sandbien inférieur.Toutefois, la présence d'une majorité de taxons avec une distribution mondiale soutient le cosmopolitisme des assemblages étudiés, déjà proposé de commencer près de la transition Darriwilian-Sandbian.Notamment, les taxons de phytoplancton avec des affinités siluriennes, précédemment connus de l'Hirnantien, apparaissent pour la première fois dans la partie tardive Darriwilian du noyau de forage Borenshult-1 (Dw3) .Les taxons importants sont Tylotopalla et Metaleiofusa, qui est définitivement établi depuis le début du Sandbian (Ordovicien tardif précoce), ainsi que la première apparition du genre Visbysphaera.Ces événements remettent en question la relation entre l'apparition de morphotypes de phytoplancton pionniers et la glaciation hirnantienne.Autres taxons sans enregistrements pré-siluriens tels que Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum et Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae sont ici présents dans le Sandbien, où des lits de bentonite sont intercalés.Le genre Frankea est enregistré pour la première fois chez l'Ordovicien de Suède, suggérant une distribution latitudinale haute à moyenne au lieu d'une distribution périgondwanaise.La plus grande diversité correspond au Darriwilien et en partie aux assemblages de Sandbien, suivie d'un déclin significatif du Katien.Les principaux changements sont observés dans le Sandbien, avec une baisse significative de la diversité, ce qui est probablement lié à une activité volcanique intense ressentie par les lits de bentonite.La diversité ainsi que les taux d'origination et de renouvellement sont les plus bas de l'intervalle portant la suite de K-bentonites, en particulier près de la plus épaisse d'entre elles.La baisse marquée de la diversité dans la partie katienne de la succession, visible à la fois dans les faibles origines et l'abondance, est peut-être liée à une régression au début de la GICE (excursion carbone isotopique de Guttenberg), avec des conditions environnementales et climatiques moins favorables.Les changements dans les assemblages de phytoplancton ainsi que l'apparition de morphologies innovantes d'acritarques ont été précédemment interprétés comme une conséquence de l'environnement et les perturbations climatiques liées à la glaciation de l'Ordovicien. Nous montrons ici que les premières apparitions de ces taxons avancés ont déjà eu lieu environ 15 Ma plus tôt, suggérant qu'une combinaison possible de facteurs tels que les changements du niveau de la mer et le volcanisme a déclenché ces changements, au lieu d'un événement majeur tel que la glaciation hirnantienne. De plus, ces nouvelles découvertes remettent en question les modèles précédents d'évolution et de rayonnement du phytoplancton de l'Ordovicien et font de Baltica un nouveau domaine clé pour la recherche paléogéographique. El núcleo de Borenshult-1, perforado en las proximidades de Motala, al este del lago Vättern en el centro-sur de Suecia, comprende una sucesión bien datada y casi completa de carbonatos marrones marinos depositados relativamente cerca de la tierra. Las 34 muestras de núcleo analizadas para la palinología abarcan la parte superior del Darriwilian (piedra caliza furudal), todo el Sandbian (piedra caliza Dalby, la Kinnekulle K-bentonita y la piedra caliza Skagen inferior) y la parte inferior del Katian (piedra caliza Skagen). La edad de este intervalo está bien restringida al Darriwilian tardío (etapa Dw3)temprano Katian (Stage slice Ka1), basado en conodontes y datación 206Pb/238U de depósitos de ceniza volcánica. Las muestras arrojaron predominantemente fitoplancton de paredes orgánicas marinas, principalmente acritarcos, con quitinozoos subordinados, scolecodontos y fragmentos de graptolitos. También se encontraron palinomorfos terrestres dispersos, representados por criptosporas y esporas triletas, en 23 de las muestras. Se identificaron un total de 154 especies de acritarcos correspondientes a 53 géneros, así como bajos porcentajes de formas anormales (formas teratológicas) de especies de acritarcos en algunos niveles. La distribución gráfica estratigráfica de géneros y especies permitió tres ensamblajes palinológicos. a distinguir: el Ensamblaje A de una edad Darriwiliana tardía, el Ensamblaje B de una edad Sandbiana (subdividido en subensamblajes B1 y B2) y el Ensamblaje C fechado como Katian.Genera como Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium y Orthosphaeridum, que son comunes en los ensamblajes de fitoplancton del Ordovícico Medio de Báltica, están bien representados, con varias especies, principalmente en el Ensamblaje A y el subensamblaje B1, hasta el Sandbiano inferior. Sin embargo, la presencia de una mayoría de taxones con distribución mundial apoya el cosmopolitismo de los ensamblajes estudiados, ya propuesto para comenzar cerca de la transición Darriwilian-Sandbian. Cabe destacar que los taxones de fitoplancton con afinidades silúricas, previamente conocidos del Hirnantiense, aparecen por primera vez en la parte tardía del Darriwiliense del taladro Borenshult-1 (Dw3) .Los taxones importantes que se producen son Tylotopalla y Metaleiofusa, que se establece definitivamente desde el comienzo del Sandbiense (Ordovícico Tardío temprano), junto con la primera aparición del género Visbysphaera. Estas ocurrencias cuestionan la relación entre la aparición de morfotipos de fitoplancton pioneros y la glaciación Hirnantiana. Otros taxones sin registros pre-silúricos como Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum y Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae están aquí presentes en el Sandbiano, donde los lechos de bentonita se intercalan. El género Frankea se registra por primera vez en el Ordovícico de Suecia, lo que sugiere una distribución latitudinal alta a media en lugar de una distribución peri-Gondwana. La mayor diversidad corresponde al Darriwiliano y en parte a los conjuntos Sandbianos, seguido de una disminución significativa en el Katiano. Los principales cambios se observan en el Sandbiano, con una caída significativa en la diversidad, que probablemente esté relacionado con la intensa actividad volcánica resentida por los lechos de bentonita. La diversidad, así como las tasas de originación y rotación, son las más bajas en el intervalo que soporta el conjunto de bentonitas K, particularmente cerca de las más gruesas. La marcada caída en la diversidad en la parte katiana de la sucesión, visible tanto en bajas originaciones como en abundancia, posiblemente esté relacionada con una regresión al inicio del GICE (excursión de carbono isotópica de Guttenberg), con condiciones ambientales y climáticas menos favorables. Los cambios en los ensamblajes de fitoplancton junto con el inicio de morfologías innovadoras de acritarcos se interpretaron previamente como consecuencia de la y las perturbaciones climáticas relacionadas con la glaciación del Ordovícico. Aquí mostramos que las primeras apariciones de estos taxones avanzados ya ocurrieron hace unos 15 Ma, lo que sugiere que una posible combinación de factores como los cambios en el nivel del mar y el vulcanismo desencadenaron estos cambios, en lugar de un evento importante como la glaciación de Hirnantian. Además, estos nuevos hallazgos desafían los modelos anteriores de evolución y radiación del fitoplancton del Ordovícico y establecen a Baltica como una nueva área clave para la investigación paleogeográfica. The Borenshult-1 core, drilled in the vicinity of Motala, east of Lake Vättern in south central Sweden, comprises a well-dated and nearly complete succession of marine marly carbonates deposited relatively close to land.The 34 core samples analyzed for palynology encompass the upper part of the Darriwilian (Furudal Limestone), the entire Sandbian (Dalby Limestone, the Kinnekulle K-bentonite and the lower Skagen Limestone) and the lower part of the Katian (Skagen Limestone).The age of this interval is well-constrained to the late Darriwilian (Stage slice Dw3)early Katian (Stage slice Ka1), based on conodonts and 206Pb/238U dating of volcanic ash deposits.The samples yielded predominantly marine organic-walled phytoplankton, mainly acritarchs, with subordinate chitinozoans, scolecodonts and fragments of graptolites.Sparse terrestrial palynomorphs, represented by cryptospores and trilete spores, were also found in 23 of the samples.A total of 154 acritarch species corresponding to 53 genera were identified, as well as low percentages of abnormal forms (teratological forms) of acritarch species at some levels.The strati graphic distribution of genera and species allowed for three palynological assemblages to be distinguished: Assemblage A of a late Darriwilian age, Assemblage B of a Sandbian age (further subdivided into sub-assemblages B1 and B2), and Assemblage C dated as Katian.Genera such as Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium and Orthosphaeridum, which are common in Middle Ordovician phytoplankton assemblages from Baltica, are well represented, with several species, mainly in Assemblage A and sub-assemblage B1, up to the lower Sandbian.However, the presence of a majority of taxa with worldwide distribution supports the cosmopolitanism of the studied assemblages, already proposed to begin near the Darriwilian-Sandbian transition.Notably, phytoplankton taxa with Silurian affinities, previously known from the Hirnantian, appear for the first time in the late Darriwilian part of the Borenshult-1 drillcore (Dw3).Important taxa occurring are Tylotopalla and Metaleiofusa, which is definitively established from the beginning of the Sandbian (early Late Ordovician), together with the first appearance of the genus Visbysphaera.These occurrences question the relationship between the appearance of pioneering phytoplankton morphotypes and the Hirnantian glaciation.Other taxa with no pre-Silurian records such as Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum and Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae are here present in the Sandbian, where bentonite beds are intercalated.The genus Frankea is recorded for the first time from the Ordovician of Sweden, suggesting a high to middle latitudinal distribution instead of a peri-Gondwanan distribution.The highest diversity corresponds to the Darriwilian and partly to the Sandbian assemblages, followed by a significant decline in the Katian.The main changes are observed in the Sandbian, with a significant drop in diversity, which is probably related to intense volcanic activity rep resented by the bentonite beds.Diversity as well as origination and turnover rates are the lowest in the interval bearing the suite of K-bentonites, particularly near the thickest of them.The marked drop in diversity in the Katian part of the succession, visible in both low originations and abundance, is possibly related to a regression at the onset of the GICE (Guttenberg isotope carbon excursion), with less favorable environmental and climatic conditions.Changes in phytoplankton assemblages together with the onset of innovative morphologies of acritarchs were previously interpreted as a consequence of environmental and climatic perturbations related to the Ordovician glaciation.Here we show that the first appearances of these advanced taxa already occurred ca 15 Ma earlier, suggesting that a possible combination of factors such as sea level changes and volcanism triggered these changes, instead of a major event such as the Hirnantian glaciation.Additionally, these new findings challenge previous models of evolution and radiation of the Ordovician phytoplankton and set up Baltica as a new key area for paleogeographical research. يشتمل قلب Borenshult -1، الذي تم حفره بالقرب من Motala، شرق بحيرة Vättern في جنوب وسط السويد، على تعاقب جيد وكامل تقريبًا من كربونات المارلي البحرية المودعة بالقرب من الأرض نسبيًا. وتشمل العينات الأساسية الـ 34 التي تم تحليلها لعلم الحفريات الجزء العلوي من Darriwilian (الحجر الجيري الفروي)، و Sandbian بأكمله (Dalby Limestone، و Kinnekulle K - bentonite و Skagen Limestone السفلي) والجزء السفلي من Katian (Skagen Limestone). عمر هذه الفترة مقيد جيدًا بالراحل Darriwilian (شريحة Stage Dw3) في وقت مبكر كاتيان (شريحة المرحلة Ka1)، استنادًا إلى المخروطيات و 206Pb/238U التي يرجع تاريخها إلى رواسب الرماد البركاني. أسفرت العينات في الغالب عن العوالق النباتية البحرية ذات الجدران العضوية، وخاصة أكريتاركس، مع الكيتينوزانات التابعة، والسكولودونات وشظايا الجريبتوليت. كما تم العثور على أشكال أرضية متباينة، ممثلة في أبواغ خفية وأبواغ ثلاثية، في 23 من العينات. تم تحديد ما مجموعه 154 نوعًا من أنواع النرجسية المقابلة لـ 53 جنسًا، بالإضافة إلى نسب مئوية منخفضة من الأشكال غير الطبيعية (الأشكال المسخية) لأنواع النرجسية على بعض المستويات. سمح التوزيع الرسومي الطبقي للأجناس والأنواع بثلاثة تجمعات حركية ليتم تمييزها: التجميع أ في أواخر العصر الدارويلي، التجميع ب في العصر الرملي (مقسم أيضًا إلى تجميعات فرعية B1 و B2)، والتجميع ج المؤرخ بالكاتية .الجنس مثل Baltisphaeridium و Ordovicidium و Pachysphaeridium و Orthosphaeridum، وهي شائعة في تجمعات العوالق النباتية الأوردوفية الوسطى من Baltica، ممثلة تمثيلاً جيدًا، مع العديد من الأنواع، بشكل رئيسي في التجميع أ والتجميع الفرعي B1، حتى Sandbian السفلي. ومع ذلك، فإن وجود غالبية الأصناف ذات التوزيع العالمي يدعم عالمية التجمعات المدروسة، تم اقتراحها بالفعل للبدء بالقرب من التحول الداريويلي- الساندبي. بشكل ملحوظ، تظهر أصناف العوالق النباتية ذات الانتماءات السيلورية، والمعروفة سابقًا من الهيرنانتية، لأول مرة في الجزء الداريويلي المتأخر من النواة الحفرية بورنشولت-1 (Dw3). والأصناف الهامة التي تحدث هي تايلوتوبالا وميتاليوفوسا، والتي تم تأسيسها بشكل نهائي من بداية الساندبيان (الأوردوفيشي المتأخر المبكر)، إلى جانب الظهور الأول لجنس Visbysphaera.The these occurrences question the relationship between the appearance of pioneering phytoplankton morphotypes and the Hirnantian glaciation.Other taxa with no pre - Silurian records such as Visbysphaera pirifera sub.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum and Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae موجودة هنا في Sandbian، حيث يتم إقحام أسرة البنتونيت. يتم تسجيل جنس Frankea لأول مرة من الأوردوفيشي السويدي، مما يشير إلى توزيع خط العرض العالي إلى المتوسط بدلاً من توزيع شبه جندواني. يتوافق أعلى تنوع مع Darriwilian وجزئيًا مع تجمعات Sandbian، يليه انخفاض كبير في Katian. لوحظت التغييرات الرئيسية في Sandbian، مع انخفاض كبير في التنوع، والذي ربما يكون مرتبطًا بممثل النشاط البركاني المكثف المستاء من طبقات البنتونيت. التنوع وكذلك معدلات المنشأ والدوران هي الأدنى في الفترة التي تحمل مجموعة البنتونيت K، خاصة بالقرب من سمكه. من المحتمل أن يكون الانخفاض الملحوظ في التنوع في الجزء الكاتاني من الخلافة، المرئي في كل من المنشأ المنخفض والوفرة، مرتبطًا بالانحدار في بداية GICE (رحلة الكربون بنظائر Guttenberg)، مع ظروف بيئية ومناخية أقل ملاءمة. تم تفسير التغيرات في تجمعات العوالق النباتية جنبًا إلى جنب مع بداية المورفولوجيات المبتكرة للنرجس الصخري سابقًا كنتيجة للظروف البيئية والاضطرابات المناخية المتعلقة بالتجلد الأوردوفيشي. هنا نظهر أن المظاهر الأولى لهذه الأصناف المتقدمة حدثت بالفعل قبل 15 مليون سنة مضت، مما يشير إلى أن مجموعة محتملة من العوامل مثل تغيرات مستوى سطح البحر والبراكين تسببت في هذه التغييرات، بدلاً من حدث كبير مثل التجلد الهيرنانتي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تتحدى هذه النتائج الجديدة النماذج السابقة لتطور وإشعاع العوالق النباتية الأوردوفيشية وتضع البلطيقا كمنطقة رئيسية جديدة للبحث في الجغرافيا القديمة.
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The aim of this study has been to contribute with insight into how content about the First World War is presented in eight textbooks intended for use in lower secondary school. These eight textbooks were written at different points throughout the 20th century, with the first one being published in 1918, and the last one in 2013. This selection was necessary in order to enable a diachronic approach in regard to the textbooks. Not only did the study want to provide insight into what content is presented, but also how the presentation may have changed from book to book, together with how the different curricula may have influenced the authors. The presented content also needed to be structured in a relevant way, which was achieved by applying a model presented by Niklas Ammert. His categorization divided the content into four themes, where the ascertaining and explanatory content were most prominent. In order to better understand the study’s diachronic focus, and the correlation between the past, present and future, Reinhart Koselleck’s conceptual history proved to be an adequate stepping stone. He believes that there is a rich purpose in studying concepts and their meaning due to the ambiguity of concepts. The ambiguity can be described on the basis that a certain concept contains several meanings, you apply a context of meaning. The connection between the past, present and future was also further specified with the help of Koselleck's past future and future past. The study resulted in several conclusions, mainly that the content about world war one is structured through causes, course of events and consequences, mostly connected to Ammert’s ascertaining and explanatory categories. Furthermore, Koselleck’s thoughts contributed to the conclusion that world war one is often understood in close correlation to World War Two, as well as the textbook authors often displaying expectations on future generations.
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The purpose of this study is to examine what intentions teachers in history have with their teaching about the Interwar period, approximately the years from 1920 to 1939. This was done with five interviews. With the question; “what can we learn from history?” the study tries to see how historical consciousness is expressed in the teachers intentions. The result shows that the teachers are mostly on the same page of what they think is important to teach. It’s about Germany, and it’s not only about Germany. The teachers intention is to show that not all of the Germans where supporters of the Nazi-party, but also most importantly; that the Nazi-party was given power thru a democratic election. This can be seen as how the teachers want the pupils to cherish the democracy we have today, and not to take it for granted. In the other hand the teachers want to explore the structures and the context where the Nazi-party arose. For example the teachers speak of the development of racial biology that spread all over Europe, and not only in Germany. The given broad perspective can help pupils to understand Germany and what kind of mindset Europe had that made the fascistic movements grow. The conclusion is that historical consciousness is widely represented in the teachers intentions of their teaching of the Interwar-period. If this actually develop historical consciousness or not is another study to make. But the results shows reason to believe that it can be done, and that the Interwar-period is a historical period that can help pupils to understand the meaning of living in a democracy, and to give them a meaningful education to guide them today, and in the future.
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the system of punishment at the upper secondary schools in Sweden during the twentieth century. The main research question is: how did the system of punishment function and change from 1905 to 1961? The investigations concentrate on the offences committed, the spatial features of the jurisdiction, the agents involved, as well as the systems of meaning that underscored the penal process. The analysis is mainly founded upon an extensive source material comprehending all expulsion cases at the upper secondary schools during the period. The dissertation enriches our understanding of how the system of punishment operated during the twentieth century. The pupil and his or her morals and conduct were at the heart of the system of punishment. It is shown that the hardest punishment, the expulsion, was not only passed for the most severe offences, but also for more banal infractions. Furthermore, the juridical system of the upper secondary schools stretched far beyond the physical milieu of the school yard. Offences committed in the public arena of the town, as well as the private institution of the household, stood grounds for excluding a pupil. Additionally, the relative importance of different types of agents that enacted the system changed over time. Headmasters and teachers were successively accompanied by new agents such as school physicians, the child protection agency as well as modern law enforcement personnel. Finally, the rationality – the historically specific system of meaning underlying the judgment of pupils’ offences – behind the decisions to issue the hardest punishment is examined. Ideas of conduct relating to gender and social class, values concerning truthfulness and deceitfulness, as well as ideas of physical attributes and their connection to intelligence and mental decease, all played parts in the examination of the offending pupils. In the end, the dissertation argues that the system of punishment was something more, and something else, then a mere part of the pedagogical practise of the upper secondary schools. In the system of punishment, internal school traditions converged with partially contradictory tendencies within society at large.
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The natural geographer Axel Hamberg (1863-1933) became the funder of the research in the mountain massif, Sarek, Sweden, the area known as Sweden’s last wild life area. He based his thesis on the research results from Sarek. He installed instruments for hydrographical and metrological measurements, as well as for sun hour registrations. However, he was only present in the summers/autumns, so to keep the measurements on an annual basis did he hire Sámi as research assistants. Lars Nilsson Tuorda (1858-1930) became the most hired one, and was employed as a regular for almost two decades. Tuorda made most of the annual registrations and measurements in the Sarek research, supervised logistics in the area, and became in charge of the financial aspect of the research organisation when Hamberg was not present. Tuorda’s responsibility was massive. In Hamberg’s published scientific works are the efforts made by Tuorda, and other extras and assistants, not mentioned. Tourda’s, and others’ jobs, were only revealed in Tuorda’s letters to Hamberg, and in Hamberg’s private field diaries. Hamberg made the efforts of his assistants invisible before the reading public, and the scientific community. This also means that Hamberg based his thesis on scientific works he did not all execute himself, leaving beside the knowledge his Sámi co-workers provided for him, knowledge that he was in great need of in his work in Sarek. My own research is to reveal the extent of the works and efforts made by Hamberg’s hired assistants, in particular Lars Nilsson Tuorda’s work in Hamberg’s Sarek research organisation. Naturgeografen Axel Hamberg (1863-1933) inledde forskningen i den svenska massiven Sarek. Hambergs forskning var beroende på hjälp från ett antal Sámiska forskningsassistenter, bland annat Lars Nilsson Tuorda (1858-1930), vars roll var avgörande för Hambergs forskning. Den här studien utforskar bredden och vikten av de Sámiska forskningsassistenternas bidrag till Hambergs forskning i Sarek.
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Syftet med denna text är att problematisera riksdagens roll i svensk politisk historia, ca 1600–1900, och dess bidrag till utvecklingen mot demokrati och allmän rösträtt. För det första stärkte riksdagsrepresentanterna monarkin på riksdagens bekostnad vid flera tillfällen och bytte långsiktigt institutionellt inflytande mot vinster i enskilda sakfrågor. Vid andra tillfällen var de märkbart passiva och oförmögna att förhindra monarkin. Riksdagen utgjorde en tveksam och svag bastion för folkrepresentation och man kan hävda att riksdagen mellan 1611 och 1809 hade en svag ställning gentemot kungen i 94 år, nästan hälften av perioden. Detta förändrades dock mellan 1809 och 1866, trots att det fanns flera likheter i det politiska ramverket, samt politiska förutsättningar för ytterligare ett skifte till en stark monarki och en svag eller upplöst riksdag. Ståndsriksdagens sista 50 år utgör således en nyckelperiod om vi vill förstå varför riksdagen slutligen intog en stark ställning i den svenska politiska kulturen. Denna fråga berör inte bara historiker, utan också människor som är intresserade av hur och varför representativa församlingar blir lika eller mer legitima än auktoritära alternativ. Eftersom vi lever i en period där demokratiska institutioner och värderingar ifrågasätts är det viktigt att förstå hur de kom att omfamnas i första hand.
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Osteoarchaeological analysis of human remains from the Neolithic site Åloppe, Norrskog. The material has been analyzed during two occasions, partly in connection with the faunal analysis (see Gummesson 2008) and partly separately where also material that did not have context information was included. The material has been analyzed at the osteoarchaeological research laboratory at Stockholm University and its reference collections have been used. The database is in Swedish and Latin. Osteoarkeologisk analys av mänskliga lämningar från den neolitiska lokalen Åloppe, Norrskog. Materialet har analyserats i två omgångar, dels i samband med att fauna materialet analyserades (se Gummesson 2008) och dels separat där även material som inte haft kontextinformation ingått. Materialet har analyserats vid osteoarkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet vid Stockholms universitet och dess referenssamlingar har använts. Databasen är utformad på svenska och latin.
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‘Public health’ investigates the determinants of health, born during the Enlightenment in the seventeenth/eighteenth century. But ‘public health’ is also policies, aiming at the improvement of a population’s health. There is a mutual interchange between public health as science and as politics. A brief historical background is followed by an analysis of the impacts of political changes during the first two decades of the twenty first century in Sweden. In 2005, a policy document accepted by all political parties except for the Moderate Party highlighted socio-economic factors and structural reforms to decrease the health gaps in the population. The general election in September 2006 resulted in a new majority in the parliament and a center-right coalition government, including the Moderates and three parties that had approved of the 2005 document. In 2007 a “new public health policy” was introduced. Its priority lists stressed individual behavior and the new policy should be incentives to work instead of “allowances”. The Public Health Institute got instructions in accordance with the new policy. The ten years following this policy change has seen public health policies and attitudes to research shifting almost year by year. The new policy met a counter-stream from the very beginning. Influenced by Michael Marmot’s WHO Commission on health inequalities, regional commissions started in Sweden, Recommendations how to decrease social health gaps was adopted with almost no opposition by regional health boards in 2012–2013. But new problems were now occupying politicians and media—how to finance the growth of the old, multi-sick part of the population and increasing costs for new medical technologies and drugs. Public health as an academic discipline was in the middle of this fluctuating political landscape with direct effects on what has been considered worth listening to or support by public money.
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