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Abstract. Ocean color remote sensing offers two decades-long time series of information on phytoplankton abundance. However, determining the structure of the phytoplankton community from this signal is not straightforward, and many uncertainties remain to be evaluated, despite multiple intercomparison efforts of the different available algorithms. Here, we use remote sensing and machine learning to infer the abundance of seven phytoplankton groups at a global scale based on a new molecular method from Tara Oceans. Our dataset is to our knowledge the most comprehensive and complete, available to describe phytoplankton community structure at a global scale using a molecular marker that defines relative abundances of all phytoplankton groups simultaneously. The methodology shows satisfying performances to provide robust estimates of phytoplankton groups using satellite data, with few limitations regarding the global generalization of the method. Furthermore, this new satellite-based methodology allows a valuable global intercomparison with the pigment-based approach used in in-situ and satellite data to identify phytoplankton groups. Nevertheless, these datasets show different, yet coherent information on the phytoplankton, valuable for the understanding of community structure. This makes remote sensing observations excellent tools to collect Essential Biodiversity Variables and provide a foundation for developing marine biodiversity forecasts.

Agulhas rings provide the principal route for ocean waters to circulate from the Indo-Pacific to the Atlantic basin. Their influence on global ocean circulation is well known, but their role in plankton transport is largely unexplored. We show that, although the coarse taxonomic structure of plankton communities is continuous across the Agulhas choke point, South Atlantic plankton diversity is altered compared with Indian Ocean source populations. Modeling and in situ sampling of a young Agulhas ring indicate that strong vertical mixing drives complex nitrogen cycling, shaping community metabolism and biogeochemical signatures as the ring and associated plankton transit westward. The peculiar local environment inside Agulhas rings may provide a selective mechanism contributing to the limited dispersal of Indian Ocean plankton populations into the Atlantic.

AbstractThe Sahel experienced a severe drought during the 1970s and 1980s after wet periods in the 1950s and 1960s. Although rainfall partially recovered since the 1990s, the drought had devastating impacts on society. Most studies agree that this dry period resulted primarily from remote effects of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies amplified by local land surface–atmosphere interactions. This paper reviews advances made during the last decade to better understand the impact of global SST variability on West African rainfall at interannual to decadal time scales. At interannual time scales, a warming of the equatorial Atlantic and Pacific/Indian Oceans results in rainfall reduction over the Sahel, and positive SST anomalies over the Mediterranean Sea tend to be associated with increased rainfall. At decadal time scales, warming over the tropics leads to drought over the Sahel, whereas warming over the North Atlantic promotes increased rainfall. Prediction systems have evolved from seasonal to decadal forecasting. The agreement among future projections has improved from CMIP3 to CMIP5, with a general tendency for slightly wetter conditions over the central part of the Sahel, drier conditions over the western part, and a delay in the monsoon onset. The role of the Indian Ocean, the stationarity of teleconnections, the determination of the leader ocean basin in driving decadal variability, the anthropogenic role, the reduction of the model rainfall spread, and the improvement of some model components are among the most important remaining questions that continue to be the focus of current international projects.

ABSTRACT Viruses strongly influence the ecology and evolution of their eukaryotic hosts in the marine environment, but little is known about their diversity and distribution. Prasinoviruses infect an abundant and widespread class of phytoplankton, the Mamiellophyceae, and thereby exert a specific and important role in microbial ecosystems. However, molecular tools to specifically identify this viral genus in environmental samples are still lacking. We developed two primer sets, designed for use with polymerase chain reactions and 454 pyrosequencing technologies, to target two conserved genes, encoding the DNA polymerase (PolB gene) and the major capsid protein (MCP gene). While only one copy of the PolB gene is present in Prasinovirus genomes, there are at least seven paralogs for MCP, the copy we named number 6 being shared with other eukaryotic alga-infecting viruses. Primer sets for PolB and MCP6 were thus designed and tested on 6 samples from the Tara Oceans project. The results suggest that the MCP6 amplicons show greater richness but that PolB gave a wider coverage of Prasinovirus diversity. As a consequence, we recommend use of the PolB primer set, which will certainly reveal exciting new insights about the diversity and distribution of prasinoviruses at the community scale.

Accompanying material, text, data and figures for the article de Vargas et al., 'Eukaryotic plankton diversity in the sunlit ocean', Science 348, 1261605 (2015), doi: 10.1126/science.1261605

Detailed knowledge of the shape of the seafloor is crucial to humankind. Bathymetry data is critical for safety of navigation and is used for many other applications. In an era of ongoing environmental degradation worldwide, bathymetry data (and the knowledge derived from it) play a pivotal role in using and managing the world’s oceans in a way that is in accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 – conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. However, the vast majority of our oceans is still virtually unmapped, unobserved, and unexplored. Only a small fraction of the seafloor has been systematically mapped by direct measurement. The remaining bathymetry is predicted from satellite altimeter data, providing only an approximate estimation of the shape of the seafloor. Several global and regional initiatives are underway to change this situation. This paper presents a selection of these initiatives as best practice examples for bathymetry data collection, compilation and open data sharing as well as the Nippon Foundation-GEBCO (The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) Seabed 2030 Project that complements and leverages these initiatives and promotes international collaboration and partnership. Several non-traditional data collection opportunities are looked at that are currently gaining momentum as well as new and innovative technologies that can increase the efficiency of collecting bathymetric data. Finally, recommendations are given toward a possible way forward into the future of seafloor mapping and toward achieving the goal of a truly global ocean bathymetry.

Les dinoflagellés forment un groupe complexe de protistes avec une grande diversité de morphologies, physiologies, et cycles de vies qui leur confèrent une forte capacité d'adaptation à l'ensemble des milieux (marins et dulçaquicoles) et habitats (pélagiques et benthiques) aquatiques rendant difficile l¿étude de leur diversité et de leur écologie. L'objectif de cette thèse a été la recherche de patrons globaux de biodiversité et de structuration des communautés de dinoflagellés pélagiques marins à l'échelle planétaire. Un protocole d'échantillonnage morphogénétique, couvrant la totalité de leur spectre de taille et une partie importante de leurs variabilités spatio-temporelles, a été développé (Tara-Oceans). Divers outils d'acquisition automatique à haut débit des données ont été testés. La diversité, l'abondance relative et la distribution géographique des espèces du genre Neoceratium ont été évaluées en mer Méditerranée par FlowCAM. Une étude de la structuration de la biodiversité a été réalisée par metabarcoding de l¿ADNr 18S (fragment V9). La construction d'une base de séquences ADNr de référence (DinR2) a permis l¿assignation taxonomique des metabarcodes environnementaux. L¿approche par metabarcode révèle une diversité remarquable et insoupçonnée des pico-dinoflagellés (<5µm) et que, indépendamment de l'écosystème étudié et de la période d'échantillonnage, l¿abondance des différents ordres dépend essentiellement de la taille (pico-, nano-, micro-, et meso-plancton). La structuration des communautés de dinoflagellés de différentes fractions de tailles de la zone photique a été confrontée à certains facteurs environnementaux ouvrant des pistes de recherche prometteuses Dinoflagellates form a complex group of protists with a variety of morphologies, physiologies, and life cycles that give them a strong adaptation to all aquatic environments (marine and freshwater) and habitats (pelagic and benthic) making difficult to study their diversity and ecology. The objective of this thesis was the search for global biodiversity patterns and community structure of marine pelagic dinoflagellates across the world?s oceans. A morphogenetic sampling protocol, covering the entire spectrum of their size and an important part of their spatio-temporal variability, was developed (Tara-Oceans). Various tools for an automatic acquisition broadband data were tested. Diversity, relative abundance and geographical distribution of the genus Neoceratium were evaluated by FlowCAM in Mediterranean Sea. A study of the structure of biodiversity was conducted by metabarcoding with 18S rDNA (V9 fragment). Building a base of rDNA reference sequences (DinR2) allowed the taxonomic assignment of environmental metabarcodes. The metabarcode approach reveals a remarkable and unexpected diversity of pico-dinoflagellates (<5?m) and, regardless of the studied ecosystem and the sampling period, that abundance of different levels mainly depends to the size fractions (pico-, nano-, micro- and meso- plankton). Structuring of dinoflagellates communities in different size fractions of the photic zone was facing to some environmental factors and opens promising avenues for research