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Additional file 4 DEG composition of all clusters.

Table S1A. All hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) peptide data for experiments examining the global exchange of PI4KIIIA, TTC7B, and FAM126A. The charge state (Z), residue start, residue end number, retention time (RT) and sequence are displayed for every peptide. In the Raw Data column, the two time points (0.3s and full) are labelled, and the relative level of HDX is coloured according to the amount of deuterium incorporated, on a blue to red continuum. The data listed for the 0.3s time point are the average of three independent experiments, with SD shown next to all HDX values. In the Normalized to Full Deuteration column, the 0.3s data has been normalised to the full deuteration measurements with the exception of those data (surrounded by black lines) where the full deuteration measurement was lower than 20% deuterium incorporation. The third column denotes the corresponding peptide centroid. Table S1B. All HDX peptide data for experiments examining the complex dynamics of PI4KIIIA, TTC7B, and FAM126A. The charge state (Z), residue start, residue end number, retention time (RT) and sequence are displayed for every peptide. The two columns represent each state examined (+/- PI4KIIIA) and contain the data for five time points. The data listed are the average of three independent experiments, with SD shown next to all HDX values. Table S1C. All HDX peptide data for experiments examining the dynamics of inhibitor specificity of PI4KIIIA, TTC7B, and FAM126A. The charge state (Z), residue start, residue end number, retention time (RT) and sequence are displayed for every peptide. The three columns represent each state examined (+/- inhibitor) and contain the data for four time points. The data listed are the average of three independent experiments, with SD shown next to all HDX values.

When two species interbreed, the resulting hybrid offspring are often sterile, with the heterogametic (e.g. XY) hybrid usually being more severely affected. The prevailing theory for this pattern of sterility evokes divergent changes in separate lineages having maladaptive interactions when placed together in a hybrid individual, with recessive factors on the sex chromosome interacting with dominant factors on the autosomes. The effect of these interactions on gametogenesis should not be uniform across species pairs unless genetic divergence follows the same paths in different lineages or if a specific stage of gametogenesis is more susceptible to detrimental genetic interactions. Here, we perform a detailed cellular characterization of hybrid male sterility across three recently diverged species pairs of Drosophila. Across all three pairs, sterile hybrid sperm are alive but exhibits rapid nuclear de-condensation with age, with active, but non-differentiated, mitochondria. Surprisingly, all three sets of interspecies hybrids produce half of the number of sperm per round of spermatogenesis, with each sperm cell containing two tails. We identify non-disjunction failures during meiosis I as the likely cause. Thus, errors during meiosis I may be a general phenomenon underlying Drosophila male sterility, indicating either a heightened sensitivity of this spermatogenic stage to failure, or a basis to sterility other than the prevailing model.

There is currently conflict in the literature on the taxonomic status of the reportedly cosmopolitan species Neosiphonia harveyi, a common red alga along the coast of Atlantic Canada and New England, USA. Neosiphonia harveyi sensu lato was assessed using three molecular markers: COI-5P, ITS and rbcL. All three markers clearly delimited three genetic species groups within N. harveyi sensu lato in this region, which we identified as N. harveyi, N. japonica and Polysiphonia akkeshiensis (here resurrected from synonymy with N. japonica). Although Neosiphonia harveyi is considered by some authors to be introduced to the Atlantic from the western Pacific, it was only confirmed from the North Atlantic suggesting it is native to this area. In contrast, Neosiphonia japonica was collected from only two sites in Rhode Island, USA, as well as from its reported native range in Asia (South Korea), which when combined with data in GenBank indicates that this species was introduced to the Northwest Atlantic. The GenBank data further indicate that N. japonica was also introduced to North Carolina, Spain, Australia and New Zealand. Despite the fact that all three markers clearly delimited N. harveyi and N. japonica as distinct genetic species groups, the ITS sequences for some N. harveyi individuals displayed mixed patterns and additivity indicating introgression of nuclear DNA from N. japonica into N. harveyi in the Northwest Atlantic. Introgression of DNA from an introduced species to a native species (i.e. “genetic pollution”) is one of the possible consequences of species introductions, and we believe this is the first documented evidence for this phenomenon in red algae. ITS sequence alignmentAn alignment of ITS sequences that were used to create a neighbor-joining tree for Figure 1COI-5P sequence alignmentAn alignment of COI-5P sequences that were used to create a neighbor-joining tree for Figure 1rbcL sequence alignmentAn alignment of rbcL sequences that were used to create a neighbor-joining tree for Figure 3Figure 3 rbcL treeA neighbor-joining tree generated from rbcL sequence dataFigure 1 COI-5P treeA neighbor-joining tree generated from COI-5P sequence dataFigure 1 ITS treeA neighbor-joining tree generated from ITS sequence data

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

OBJECTIVE. To assess whether HS severity is mirrored at the level of large-scale networks. METHODS. We studied preoperative high-resolution anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRI of 44 TLE patients with histopathological diagnosis of HS (n=25; TLE-HS) and isolated gliosis (n=19; TLE-G), and 25 healthy controls. Hippocampal measurements included surface-based subfield mapping of atrophy and T2 hyperintensity indexing cell loss and gliosis, respectively. Whole-brain connectomes were generated via diffusion tractography and examined using graph theory along with a novel network control theory paradigm which simulates functional dynamics from structural network data. RESULTS. Compared to controls, we observed markedly increased path length and decreased clustering in TLE-HS compared to controls, indicating lower global and local network efficiency, while TLE-G showed only subtle alterations. Similarly, network controllability was lower in TLE-HS only, suggesting limited range of functional dynamics. Hippocampal imaging markers were positively associated with macroscale network alterations, particularly in ipsilateral CA1-3. Systematic assessment across several networks revealed maximal changes in the hippocampal circuity. Findings were consistent when correcting for cortical thickness, suggesting independence from grey matter atrophy. CONCLUSIONS. Severe HS is associated with marked remodeling of connectome topology and structurally-governed functional dynamics in TLE, as opposed to isolated gliosis which has negligible effects. Cell loss, particularly in CA1-3, may exert a cascading effect on brain-wide connectomes, underlining coupled disease processes across multiple scales. Data_phen_conn_dryadPhenotypic information and mean connectome feature data for Bernhardt et al. (2019) Temporal lobe epilepsy: hippocampal pathology modulates white matter connectome topology and controllability. Neurology

Early social environment can play a significant role in shaping behavioural development. For instance, in many social mammals and birds, isolation rearing results in individuals that are less exploratory, shyer, less social and more aggressive than individuals raised in groups. Moreover, dynamic aspects of social environments, such as the nature of relationships between individuals, can also impact the trajectory of development. We tested if being raised alone or socially affects behavioural development in the family-living tree skink, Egernia striolata. Juveniles were raised in two treatments: alone or in a pair. We assayed exploration, boldness, sociability and aggression repeatedly throughout each juvenile's first year of life, and also assessed social interactions between pairs to determine if juveniles formed dominant–subordinate relationships. We found that male and/or the larger skinks within social pairs were dominant. Developing within this social environment reduced skink growth, and subordinate skinks were more prone to tail loss. Thus, living with a conspecific was costly for E. striolata. The predicted negative effects of isolation failed to materialize. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in behavioural traits depending on the social environment (isolated, dominant or subordinate member of a pair). Isolated skinks were more social than subordinate skinks. Subordinate skinks also became more aggressive over time, whereas isolated and dominant skinks showed invariable aggression. Dominant skinks became bolder over time, whereas isolated and subordinate skinks were relatively stable in their boldness. In summary, our study is evidence that isolation rearing does not consistently affect behaviour across all social taxa. Our study also demonstrates that the social environment plays an important role in behavioural development of a family-living lizard.