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# Opposing life history strategies allow grass shrimp parasites to avoid a conflict of interest Oecologia Special Issue: Parasites in Aquatic Ecology [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-024-05520-3](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-024-05520-3) ## Summary The data presented in this paper is split into three distinct parts, Behavior study, Field Survey, and Survival Study. Data and Software files are named in accordance. The Behavior study was an analysis of the frequency of certain behaviors performed by grass shrimp with various parasite infections when exposed to a predator or not. The Field Survey was simple survey of grass shrimp parasite populations in four local tidal creeks. The Survival Study measured survival of grass shrimp with varying parasite infections. See the full publication for further methodological detail. ## DataFiles ###### BehaviorData - csv of main behavior data sheet, compiled from the raw data trial - individual number of trial (order that they were performed in) date - date of trial being performed time - time of video trial taking place (all times are PM) length - length of grass shrimp in millimeters numTrem - number of trematode metacercaria in the individual shrimp pred - whether a mummichog predator was included in the trial (Y) or not (N) bop - whether the shrimp was infected with a bopyrid parasite (Y) or not (N) trem - whether the shrimp was infected with over 10 trematode cysts (Y) or not (N) infection - category of shrimp parasite infection (uninf = N Bop, N Trem; Bop = Y Bop, N trem; Trem = N Bop, Y Trem; Double = Y Bop, Y Trem) swimhovdef - percentage of time budget where shrimp was swimming, hovering, or defensive swimhov - percentage of time budget where shrimp was hovering or swimming (more obvious) defense per - percent of budget where a defense activity occurred at a time stamp defense - number of time stamps where a defensive behavior was occurring (used to calculate percentage) swim - percentage of time spent swimming alone active - percentage of time where shrimp was swimming, walking, or defensive activeper - active * 100 (percentage instead of decimal) defense - number of instances where grass shrimp showed a defensive behavior such as jabbing or backward thrusting (note: this is any instance of defensive behavior, not only during the 30 sec time stamps) captive - approximate time that the grass shrimp individual spent in captivity before being used in the trial title - title of video of trial predOrigin - collection site of the mummichog predator (if present) fish.length - length of the mummichog predator in millimeters (averaged from fish sharing a tank so as to reduce instances of stress on fish); trials that did not include a fish have 'n/a' listed for fish.length approxDate - approximate date of collection of the grass shrimp shrimpOrigin - which sampling collection trip the grass shrimp were collected during notes - misc notes on out of the ordinary happenings in videos ###### BehaviorDataRaw\.xlsx Excel sheet with multiple pages, shows shrimp activity for each trial video. Sheets titled after videos (i.e. 420_Double_N) are breakdowns of activity budgets for each video (type of activity at each time), note: time is not the timestamp of the video, instead it is measured from the "start" which is specified under "Timestamp". Column 1 'Timestamp' only has two entries, recording when the 'time' began on the video, and when behavior types were recorded. Defensive behaviors are recorded in cells that approximate the time when they occurred with actual time included in parenthesis. Blank cells indicate no defensive behavior occurring at that time. A table is included after a blank column, used to record instances of each type of behavior, used to calculate percentages. Time is recorded in minutes. ###### FieldSurveyData.csv date - date when sample was collected (2021) Month- month of sampling (each site was collected from each month 'grouping', the grouping usually but not always corresponded with the month it was sampled, i.e. if sites were sampled late in the month, Mott Creek's sample may have been collected on the first of the next month instead site - tidal creek location where sample was collected from (TW = Town, ML = Mallory, LP = Lilliput, MT = Mott) Obs- individual number of shrimp sampled from each site each month Length (mm) - measure of grass shrimp host length in mm from rostrum to telson Bopyrid - number of bopyrid infections in the individual shrimp Trematode - number of trematode cysts in each individual shrimp Microsporidia - number of trematode cysts infected with *Haplosporidia Opacity? - whether shrimp was opaque or not, difficult to see-through broken - whether shrimp rostrum was broken, or if other parts were shortened (impact length) Disease - signs of other illness, i.e. "rust disease" Gravid - if shrimp was gravid (had visible signs of carrying eggs) or not Notes - misc notes for individual shrimp temp (Celsius) - from metadata, for each collection event sal (ppt) - from metadata, for each collection event DO - from metadata, for each collection event DoPer - from metadata, for each collection event Researcher - which researcher processed the individual shrimp Other Obs - scored data from collections with sample size that was too low, these observations were not included in data analysis ###### FieldSurveyTripSummary.xlsx Collection Date - Date of the collection trip Site - Tidal creek where shrimp were collected from Acronym - acronym for each tidal creek location Water Temp (C) - temperature in Celsius of the water taken from the boat at the time of collection Salinity (ppt) - salinity of the water in the tidal creek at the time of collection DO - dissolved oxygen measure from the creek at time of collection, '-' indicate times when no measure was taken DO Percent - percent dissolved oxygen from the creek at time of collection, '-' indicate times when no measure was taken Number Collected - number of grass shrimp total collected during the sampling trip Number Processed - number of grass shrimp that were available to be processed (did not die before processing began) Date Processed - Date on which the collected sample was scored, n/a used when no processing occured Collected By - who collected the shrimp from the boat Processed By - who scored the sample, n/a used when no processing occured Notes - misc notes, includes number dead, or qualitative assessment of sites during collection ###### SurvivalData.csv Jar # - 5 shrimp of each infection status (see below) were included in the first block, 3 of each in the second. Each shrimp was placed in a jar and labelled with the date they started (block), infection status, and number Inf Status - Refers to the category each shrimp was placed into, based on which parasites it was infected with. Uninf = Uninfected (neither parasite), Bop = infected with only the bopyrid, trem = infected with more than 10 trematode metacercaria, Double = infected with bopyrid and more than 10 trematode metacercaria bop - whether shrimp had a bopyrid (1) or not (0) trem - number of trematode metacercaria in each shrimp length - length of shrimp host from rostrum to telson in mm status - used in coxph, alive (0) or dead (1) at 'time'; all shrimp died time - days from the beginning of the trial to death for all shrimp Start Date - shrimp were placed into the trial in two blocked starting dates, 5 of each infection status began on 31-May 2022, 3 of each were placed into the trial on 12-Jun Death Date - date when grass shrimp was found dead Water Changes - dates when water changes were performed (shrimp were fed for ~30 minutes before water changes) Extra Columns with Uninf/Bop/etc. - show number of trematode metacercaria and host, were used to perform ANOVA and t-tests in excel ## SoftwareFiles BehaviorCode.R R code for processing data and generating figures for the behavior study using BehaviorData.csv FieldSurveyCode.R R code for processing data and generating figures for the field survey using FieldSurveyData.csv SurvivalCode.R R code for processing data and generating figures for the mortality study using SurvivalData.csv A conflict of interest occurs when parasites manipulate the behavior of their host in contradictory ways to achieve different goals. In grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), trematode parasites that use shrimp as an intermediate host cause the shrimp to be more active than usual around predators, whereas bopyrid isopod parasites that use shrimp as a final host elicit the opposite response. Since these parasites are altering the host’s behavior in opposing directions, a conflict of interest would occur in co-infected shrimp. Natural selection should favor attempts to resolve this conflict through avoidance, killing, or sabotage. In a field survey of shrimp populations in four tidal creeks in the Cape Fear River, we found a significant negative association between the two parasites. Parasite abundance was negatively correlated in differently sized hosts, suggesting avoidance as a mechanism. Subsequent mortality experiments showed no evidence of early death of co-infected hosts. In behavior trials, co-infected shrimp did not show significantly different behavior from singly infected or uninfected shrimp, suggesting that neither parasite sabotages the manipulation of the other. Taken together, our results suggest that rather than sabotaging or killing one another, bopyrid and trematode parasites tend to infect differently sized hosts, thus avoiding a conflict and confirming the importance of testing assumptions in natural contexts.

Supported by funding from the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (Ireland), University College Dublin, and the National Folklore Foundation (Fondúireacht Bhéaloideas Éireann), 2014-2016. Story collected by a student at Allenwood, Robertstown school (Allenwood, Co. Kildare) (no informant identified). Collected as part of the Schools' Folklore scheme, 1937-1938, under the supervision of teacher Seán Ó Clúmháin.

This record is a component of the Materials Experiment and Analysis Database (MEAD). It contains raw data and metadata from millions of materials synthesis and characterization experiments, as well as the analysis and distillation of that data into property and performance metrics. The unprecedented quantity and diversity of experimental data are searchable by experiment and analysis attributes generated by both researchers and data processing software. Files available via S3 at https://renc.osn.xsede.org/ini210004tommorrell/0_gregoire/20170324.150744.copied-20170324224155394PDT.zip Download

Data underlying the article "Critical exploratory investigation of AI consumption, AI perception and AI literacy requirements alignment".Part of several digital focus groups, or digital technical working groups (DTWG) investigating the digitalisation status and practices within the New European Bauhaus programme, a hybrid data collection activity focused on AI was conducted in an interactive, two-part setting.The interactive exercise asked participants to structure and evaluate AI literacy skills for 3 different roles: developer, deployer and impacted person (citizen). Systematized anonymous qualitatieve data based on participant input.The detailed methodology is described in the body of the article.

This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00031375 Modified: 2020-06-09T09:42:31+02:00

This find is registered at Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands with number PAN-00038653 Modified: 2019-10-11T16:00:52+02:00

Around 4.4 million ha of land in USDA Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts will expire between 2013 and 2018 and some will likely return to crop production. No-till (NT) management offers the potential to reduce the global warming costs of CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O emissions during CRP conversion, but to date there have been no CRP conversion tillage comparisons. In 2009, we converted portions of three 9-21 ha CRP fields in Michigan to conventional tillage (CT) or NT soybean production and reserved a fourth field for reference. Both CO2 and N2 O fluxes increased following herbicide application in all converted fields, but in the CT treatment substantial and immediate N2 O and CO2 fluxes occurred after tillage. For the initial 201-day conversion period, average daily N2 O fluxes (g N2 O-N ha-1 d-1 ) were significantly different in the order: CT (47.5 ± 6.31, n = 6) ≫ NT (16.7 ± 2.45, n = 6) ≫ reference (2.51 ± 0.73, n = 4). Similarly, soil CO2 fluxes in CT were 1.2 times those in NT and 3.1 times those in the unconverted CRP reference field. All treatments were minor sinks for CH4 (-0.69 ± 0.42 to -1.86 ± 0.37 g CH4 -C ha-1 d-1 ) with no significant differences among treatments. The positive global warming impact (GWI) of converted soybean fields under both CT (11.5 Mg CO2 e ha-1 ) and NT (2.87 Mg CO2 e ha-1 ) was in contrast to the negative GWI of the unconverted reference field (-3.5 Mg CO2 e ha-1 ) with on-going greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. N2 O contributed 39.3% and 55.0% of the GWI under CT and NT systems with the remainder contributed by CO2 (60.7% and 45.0%, respectively). Including foregone mitigation, we conclude that NT management can reduce GHG costs by ~60% compared to CT during initial CRP conversion. dataset_crp_conversionContains data on greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and methane) fluxes from and soil water and nitrogen availability in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands before and after conversion on June 8, 2009 to row crops under no-till and conventional tillage, plus the global warming impact of individual greenhouse gases under no-till and conventional tillage soybeans and under an unconverted reference field for the period May 7 to November 24, 2009.