doi: 10.5061/dryad.3dp44
Locally-established marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proven to achieve local-scale fisheries and conservation objectives. However, since many of these MPAs were not designed to form ecologically-connected networks, their contributions to broader-scale goals such as complementarity and connectivity can be limited. In contrast, integrated networks of MPAs designed with systematic conservation planning are assumed to be more effective—ecologically, socially, and economically—than collections of locally-established MPAs. There is, however, little empirical evidence that clearly demonstrates the supposed advantages of systematic MPA networks. A key reason is the poor record of implementation of systematic plans attributable to lack of local buy-in. An intermediate scenario for the expansion of MPAs is scaling up of local decisions, whereby locally-driven MPA initiatives are coordinated through collaborative partnerships among local governments and their communities. Coordination has the potential to extend the benefits of individual MPAs and perhaps to approach the potential benefits offered by systematic MPA networks. We evaluated the benefits of scaling up local MPAs to form networks by simulating seven expansion scenarios for MPAs in the Verde Island Passage, central Philippines. The scenarios were: uncoordinated community-based establishment of MPAs; two scenarios reflecting different levels of coordinated MPA expansion through collaborative partnerships; and four scenarios guided by systematic conservation planning with different contexts for governance. For each scenario, we measured benefits through time in terms of achievement of objectives for representation of marine habitats. We found that: in any governance context, systematic networks were more efficient than non-systematic ones; systematic networks were more efficient in broader governance contexts; and, contrary to expectations but with caveats, the uncoordinated scenario was slightly more efficient than the coordinated scenarios. Overall, however, coordinated MPA networks have the potential to be more efficient than the uncoordinated ones, especially when coordinated planning uses systematic methods. shp - verde_puregion_governanceShapefile presenting the governance areas for each planning unit used in the model simulations and results described in the paper. The file can be used to present the data included in the paper to create maps.shp - verde_puregion_habitatsShapefile describing the area of habitats present within each planning unit. This file was used in the data analysis for the models described in the paper. This area of habitat described in the file are in square metres.DataZip folder containing processed data, model results and source code of the models described in the paper. The excel sheets can be used as attributes in the SHP files provided to create maps. The text file included in the folder is the the source code for the models and can be used and edited in MatLab.
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The Fertile Crescent, its hilly flanks and surrounding drylands has been a critical region for studying how climate has influenced societal change, and this review focuses on the region over the last 20,000 years. The complex social, economic, and environmental landscapes in the region today are not new phenomena and understanding their interactions requires a nuanced, multidisciplinary understanding of the past. This review builds on a history of collaboration between the social and natural palaeoscience disciplines. We provide a multidisciplinary, multiscalar perspective on the relevance of past climate, environmental, and archaeological research in assessing present day vulnerabilities and risks for the populations of southwest Asia. We discuss the complexity of palaeoclimatic data interpretation, particularly in relation to hydrology, and provide an overview of key time periods of palaeoclimatic interest. We discuss the critical role that vegetation plays in the human–climate–environment nexus and discuss the implications of the available palaeoclimate and archaeological data, and their interpretation, for palaeonarratives of the region, both climatically and socially. We also provide an overview of how modelling can improve our understanding of past climate impacts and associated change in risk to societies. We conclude by looking to future work, and identify themes of “scale” and “seasonality” as still requiring further focus. We suggest that by appreciating a given locale's place in the regional hydroscape, be it an archaeological site or palaeoenvironmental archive, more robust links to climate can be made where appropriate and interpretations drawn will demand the resolution of factors acting across multiple scales.This article is categorized under: Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
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doi: 10.14453/asj/v11i2.4
[Review] Lynn Turner, Undine Sellbach and Ron Broglio, editors. The Edinburgh Companion to Animal Studies. Edinburgh University Press, 2018, 2019. 559 pp.
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This research was conducted to pinpoint common errors in Iranian authors’ writings, which was done by extracting the errors in the writings of 40 scientific articles written by students, which were edited by an editing team at Sharif University of Technology, Languages and Linguistics Center. As a result of this investigation, eight types of errors were extracted as the following: errors in word usage, articles, preposition, conjunction, tense, errors in word order active-passive structure and subject-verb agreement. Among these, errors in word usage received the highest frequency (36.2%) and the least frequent common error was related to subject–verb agreement (0.7%). The reasons of these common errors are highly related to the L1 transfer. Furthermore, it can be generally concluded that the errors were due to the similarity or difference between Persian and English. The findings of the study have implications for the authors of scientific papers especially in the realm of science and engineering.
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(1) Background: Indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) (ICs) are an essential component of agriculture and rural livelihood among 80% of small-scale farmers (SSFs) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, in the past decade, significant losses of Indigenous Chicken Animal Genetic Resources (IC-AnGR) resulting from poultry diseases, imported exotic breeds, poor market access, and uncontrolled crossbreeding have been reported. This study aimed to investigate the status of IC-AnGR and assess the major challenges affecting the production of ICs. (2) Methods: We surveyed 358 households in eastern, central, and southern livelihood zones, comprising 81.6% males and 17.6% females. (3) Results: Our study shows that respondents owned 16,112 ICs, 3026 goats, and 5183 herds of cattle. Overall, 77.4% of chicken breeds were ICs and 22.6% were exotic. Across the three zones, 18–44% reported the introduction or adoption of exotic breeds in the past decade, with most households sourcing breeding stock from local communities and family and friends at 45% and 28.6%, respectively. Farmers gave various reasons for adopting new chicken breeds, including fast growth (21.7%), larger mature sizes (21.7%), and resistance to diseases at 15.2%. Overall, 92.5% of farmers agreed or strongly agreed that some IC breeds disappeared in the past decade and nearly 90% were concerned. Some attributed the loss to poultry diseases. (4) Conclusion: Deliberate policies to promote the sustainable use and conservation of ICs are critical in Zambia.
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doi: 10.17456/simple-40
Settled by white convicts and often by people with few prospects in the Old World, Australia was sometimes thought of negatively as a dumping ground of miscreants and ne’er-do-wells. This paper traces how, post-war, this perception was challenged in the fiction of Patrick White and David Malouf, which depicts local versions of the outcast artist in actual rubbish dumps and the creative, regenerative transformations that can occur there.
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handle: 2123/18568
Appendix 14 provides a brief description and other data about 708 of the ASAGE sites documented in the ten Study Areas. It does not provide specific latitude / longitude coordinates, so as not to facilitate looting of these sites, although the spatial data are available to bona fide researchers.
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pmid: 35831505
pmc: PMC9300466
AbstractThe fossil record of marine invertebrates has long fuelled the debate as to whether or not there are limits to global diversity in the sea1–5. Ecological theory states that, as diversity grows and ecological niches are filled, the strengthening of biological interactions imposes limits on diversity6,7. However, the extent to which biological interactions have constrained the growth of diversity over evolutionary time remains an open question1–5,8–11. Here we present a regional diversification model that reproduces the main Phanerozoic eon trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates after imposing mass extinctions. We find that the dynamics of global diversity are best described by a diversification model that operates widely within the exponential growth regime of a logistic function. A spatially resolved analysis of the ratio of diversity to carrying capacity reveals that less than 2% of the global flooded continental area throughout the Phanerozoic exhibits diversity levels approaching ecological saturation. We attribute the overall increase in global diversity during the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras to the development of diversity hotspots under prolonged conditions of Earth system stability and maximum continental fragmentation. We call this the ‘diversity hotspots hypothesis’, which we propose as a non-mutually exclusive alternative to the hypothesis that the Mesozoic marine revolution led this macroevolutionary trend12,13.
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Les deltas connaissent de profonds changements démographiques, économiques et d'utilisation des terres, ainsi que des changements de bassin versant et climatiques induits par l'homme. Le Bangladesh illustre ces difficultés par de multiples risques climatiques, notamment l'affaissement/l'élévation du niveau de la mer, l'élévation de la température et la modification des régimes de précipitations, ainsi que la modification de la gestion des bassins versants du Gange et du Brahmapoutre. La croissance de la population et de l'économie entraîne de nombreux changements locaux, tandis que la densité de la population rurale et la pauvreté restent importantes. Identifier les réponses politiques et de planification appropriées est extrêmement difficile dans ces circonstances. Ce document adopte un processus participatif d'élaboration de scénarios intégrant à la fois des éléments socio-économiques et biophysiques à travers de multiples échelles et secteurs dans le cadre d'une évaluation intégrée des services écosystémiques et des moyens de subsistance dans les zones côtières du Bangladesh. Plutôt que de simplement réduire les perspectives mondiales, l'analyse a été menée par un groupe de parties prenantes important et diversifié qui a rencontré les chercheurs pendant quatre ans au fur et à mesure que l'évaluation était conçue, mise en œuvre et appliquée. Il y avait quatre étapes principales : (A) établir un méta-cadre pour l'analyse ; (B) développer des scénarios qualitatifs des tendances clés ; (C) traduire ces scénarios sous forme quantitative pour l'analyse du modèle d'évaluation intégrée ; et (D) un examen des résultats du modèle, qui soulève de nouvelles idées et questions des parties prenantes (par exemple, l'adaptation préférée et les réponses politiques). L'étape D peut être répétée, ce qui conduit à un cycle de boucle d'apprentissage itératif, et le processus peut potentiellement être en cours. Le processus solide et structuré d'engagement des parties prenantes a donné une forte appropriation locale des scénarios et du processus plus large. Ce processus peut être généralisé pour une application généralisée à travers les systèmes socio-écologiques en suivant la même approche en quatre étapes. Cela exige un engagement soutenu avec les parties prenantes et doit donc être lié à un processus de recherche à long terme. Cependant, cela facilite une base plus crédible pour la planification, en particulier lorsqu'il existe de multiples facteurs d'interaction. Los deltas están experimentando profundos cambios demográficos, económicos y de uso de la tierra, así como cambios climáticos y de captación inducidos por el hombre. Bangladesh ejemplifica estas dificultades a través de múltiples riesgos climáticos, incluidos el hundimiento/aumento del nivel del mar, el aumento de la temperatura y los cambios en los patrones de precipitación, así como el cambio en la gestión de las cuencas del Ganges y Brahmaputra. Hay una población y una economía en crecimiento que impulsan muchos más cambios locales, mientras que la densa población rural y la pobreza siguen siendo significativas. Identificar las respuestas adecuadas de política y planificación es extremadamente difícil en estas circunstancias. Este documento adopta un proceso participativo de desarrollo de escenarios que incorpora elementos socioeconómicos y biofísicos en múltiples escalas y sectores como parte de una evaluación integrada de los servicios ecosistémicos y los medios de vida en la costa de Bangladesh. En lugar de simplemente reducir las perspectivas globales, el análisis fue impulsado por un grupo de partes interesadas grande y diverso que se reunió con los investigadores durante cuatro años a medida que se diseñaba, implementaba y aplicaba la evaluación. Hubo cuatro etapas principales: (A) establecer un meta-marco para el análisis; (B) desarrollar escenarios cualitativos de tendencias clave; (C) traducir estos escenarios en forma cuantitativa para el análisis del modelo de evaluación integrado; y (D) una revisión de los resultados del modelo, lo que plantea nuevos conocimientos de las partes interesadas (por ejemplo, respuestas de adaptación y políticas preferidas) y preguntas. El paso D se puede repetir, lo que lleva a un ciclo de ciclo de aprendizaje iterativo, y el proceso puede ser potencialmente continuo. El proceso sólido y estructurado de participación de las partes interesadas dio una fuerte apropiación local de los escenarios y el proceso más amplio. Este proceso puede generalizarse para una aplicación generalizada en todos los sistemas socioecológicos siguiendo el mismo enfoque de cuatro etapas. Exige un compromiso sostenido con las partes interesadas y, por lo tanto, debe vincularse a un proceso de investigación a largo plazo. Sin embargo, facilita una base más creíble para la planificación, especialmente cuando hay múltiples factores que interactúan. Deltas are experiencing profound demographic, economic and land use changes and human-induced catchment and climate change. Bangladesh exemplifies these difficulties through multiple climate risks including subsidence/sea-level rise, temperature rise, and changing precipitation patterns, as well as changing management of the Ganges and Brahmaputra catchments. There is a growing population and economy driving numerous more local changes, while dense rural population and poverty remain significant. Identifying appropriate policy and planning responses is extremely difficult in these circumstances. This paper adopts a participatory scenario development process incorporating both socio-economic and biophysical elements across multiple scales and sectors as part of an integrated assessment of ecosystem services and livelihoods in coastal Bangladesh. Rather than simply downscale global perspectives, the analysis was driven by a large and diverse stakeholder group who met with the researchers over four years as the assessment was designed, implemented and applied. There were four main stages: (A) establish meta-framework for the analysis; (B) develop qualitative scenarios of key trends; (C) translate these scenarios into quantitative form for the integrated assessment model analysis; and (D) a review of the model results, which raises new stakeholder insights (e.g., preferred adaptation and policy responses) and questions. Step D can be repeated leading to an iterative learning loop cycle, and the process can potentially be ongoing. The strong and structured process of stakeholder engagement gave strong local ownership of the scenarios and the wider process. This process can be generalised for widespread application across socio-ecological systems following the same four-stage approach. It demands sustained engagement with stakeholders and hence needs to be linked to a long-term research process. However, it facilitates a more credible foundation for planning especially where there are multiple interacting factors. تشهد الدلتا تغيرات ديموغرافية واقتصادية عميقة وتغيرات في استخدام الأراضي ومستجمعات المياه التي يسببها الإنسان وتغير المناخ. تجسد بنغلاديش هذه الصعوبات من خلال المخاطر المناخية المتعددة بما في ذلك الهبوط/ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر، وارتفاع درجة الحرارة، وتغيير أنماط هطول الأمطار، وكذلك تغيير إدارة مستجمعات نهر الغانج وبراهامابوترا. هناك عدد متزايد من السكان والاقتصاد يقودان العديد من التغييرات المحلية، في حين أن الكثافة السكانية الريفية والفقر لا يزالان كبيرين. من الصعب للغاية تحديد استجابات السياسة والتخطيط المناسبة في هذه الظروف. تعتمد هذه الورقة عملية تطوير سيناريو تشاركي تتضمن عناصر اجتماعية واقتصادية وبيوفيزيائية عبر نطاقات وقطاعات متعددة كجزء من تقييم متكامل لخدمات النظام الإيكولوجي وسبل العيش في بنغلاديش الساحلية. بدلاً من مجرد تقليص المنظورات العالمية، كان التحليل مدفوعًا بمجموعة كبيرة ومتنوعة من أصحاب المصلحة الذين التقوا بالباحثين على مدى أربع سنوات حيث تم تصميم التقييم وتنفيذه وتطبيقه. كانت هناك أربع مراحل رئيسية: (أ) إنشاء إطار تلوي للتحليل ؛ (ب) وضع سيناريوهات نوعية للاتجاهات الرئيسية ؛ (ج) ترجمة هذه السيناريوهات إلى شكل كمي لتحليل نموذج التقييم المتكامل ؛ و (د) مراجعة نتائج النموذج، مما يثير رؤى جديدة لأصحاب المصلحة (على سبيل المثال، التكيف المفضل والاستجابات السياسية) والأسئلة. يمكن تكرار الخطوة د مما يؤدي إلى دورة حلقة تعلم تكرارية، ومن المحتمل أن تكون العملية مستمرة. أعطت العملية القوية والمنظمة لإشراك أصحاب المصلحة ملكية محلية قوية للسيناريوهات والعملية الأوسع. يمكن تعميم هذه العملية للتطبيق على نطاق واسع عبر الأنظمة الاجتماعية والبيئية باتباع نفس النهج المكون من أربع مراحل. وهو يتطلب مشاركة مستمرة مع أصحاب المصلحة، وبالتالي يحتاج إلى ربطه بعملية بحث طويلة الأجل. ومع ذلك، فإنه يسهل أساسًا أكثر مصداقية للتخطيط خاصة عندما تكون هناك عوامل تفاعل متعددة.
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doi: 10.5061/dryad.3dp44
Locally-established marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proven to achieve local-scale fisheries and conservation objectives. However, since many of these MPAs were not designed to form ecologically-connected networks, their contributions to broader-scale goals such as complementarity and connectivity can be limited. In contrast, integrated networks of MPAs designed with systematic conservation planning are assumed to be more effective—ecologically, socially, and economically—than collections of locally-established MPAs. There is, however, little empirical evidence that clearly demonstrates the supposed advantages of systematic MPA networks. A key reason is the poor record of implementation of systematic plans attributable to lack of local buy-in. An intermediate scenario for the expansion of MPAs is scaling up of local decisions, whereby locally-driven MPA initiatives are coordinated through collaborative partnerships among local governments and their communities. Coordination has the potential to extend the benefits of individual MPAs and perhaps to approach the potential benefits offered by systematic MPA networks. We evaluated the benefits of scaling up local MPAs to form networks by simulating seven expansion scenarios for MPAs in the Verde Island Passage, central Philippines. The scenarios were: uncoordinated community-based establishment of MPAs; two scenarios reflecting different levels of coordinated MPA expansion through collaborative partnerships; and four scenarios guided by systematic conservation planning with different contexts for governance. For each scenario, we measured benefits through time in terms of achievement of objectives for representation of marine habitats. We found that: in any governance context, systematic networks were more efficient than non-systematic ones; systematic networks were more efficient in broader governance contexts; and, contrary to expectations but with caveats, the uncoordinated scenario was slightly more efficient than the coordinated scenarios. Overall, however, coordinated MPA networks have the potential to be more efficient than the uncoordinated ones, especially when coordinated planning uses systematic methods. shp - verde_puregion_governanceShapefile presenting the governance areas for each planning unit used in the model simulations and results described in the paper. The file can be used to present the data included in the paper to create maps.shp - verde_puregion_habitatsShapefile describing the area of habitats present within each planning unit. This file was used in the data analysis for the models described in the paper. This area of habitat described in the file are in square metres.DataZip folder containing processed data, model results and source code of the models described in the paper. The excel sheets can be used as attributes in the SHP files provided to create maps. The text file included in the folder is the the source code for the models and can be used and edited in MatLab.
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The Fertile Crescent, its hilly flanks and surrounding drylands has been a critical region for studying how climate has influenced societal change, and this review focuses on the region over the last 20,000 years. The complex social, economic, and environmental landscapes in the region today are not new phenomena and understanding their interactions requires a nuanced, multidisciplinary understanding of the past. This review builds on a history of collaboration between the social and natural palaeoscience disciplines. We provide a multidisciplinary, multiscalar perspective on the relevance of past climate, environmental, and archaeological research in assessing present day vulnerabilities and risks for the populations of southwest Asia. We discuss the complexity of palaeoclimatic data interpretation, particularly in relation to hydrology, and provide an overview of key time periods of palaeoclimatic interest. We discuss the critical role that vegetation plays in the human–climate–environment nexus and discuss the implications of the available palaeoclimate and archaeological data, and their interpretation, for palaeonarratives of the region, both climatically and socially. We also provide an overview of how modelling can improve our understanding of past climate impacts and associated change in risk to societies. We conclude by looking to future work, and identify themes of “scale” and “seasonality” as still requiring further focus. We suggest that by appreciating a given locale's place in the regional hydroscape, be it an archaeological site or palaeoenvironmental archive, more robust links to climate can be made where appropriate and interpretations drawn will demand the resolution of factors acting across multiple scales.This article is categorized under: Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems