Two series of tungsten thin films are sputtered on silicon and glass substrates by oblique angle co-deposition technique with an original configuration. Two opposite distinct tungsten targets are simultaneously used, both tilted with an oblique angle of 80°. The growth is performed at low (0.33 Pa) and high (1.5 Pa) argon sputtering pressure and the current intensity applied to the targets varies between 50 and 250 mA. The effect of these deposition parameters on the films microstructure and electrical properties is investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and pole figures, and van der Pauw method. Due to self-shadowing effect, all tungsten sputtered thin films are porous and columnar. At low pressure, the columnar tilt angle β can be tuned with the target current intensity until obtaining vertical columns. X-ray diffraction and pole figure analyses point out a A15 crystal structure (β-W) and a uniaxial fiber texture with a <100> growth direction. In contrast, tungsten thin films deposited at high pressure present a cauliflower structure and are poorly crystallized. Both deposition parameters also affect the films electrical resistivity and anisotropy. These behaviors are discussed and linked to the microstructure and crystallography.
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La présente communication porte sur un projet de recherche pluridisciplinaire SIM2B (SIMulate To Be) qui a pour ambition de concevoir un dispositif de formation innovant sous la forme d’un environnement immersif et persistant, de type serious game (jeu sérieux), basé sur l’intelligence artificielle. Il doit permettre l’apprentissage et le développement de compétences des utilisateurs vis-à-vis des problématiques induites par des situations de changement professionnel. L’objectif est de présenter quelques résultats issus de ce travail de recherche. Il s’agit d’une contribution à la démarche de simulation rétrospective de l’activité pour le développement du dispositif et notamment les apports des tests d’usage qui visaient son évaluation. This paper concerns a SIM2B (SIMulate To Be) multidisciplinary research project which aims to create an innovative serious game focused on change management in professional environments, which includes artificial intelligence (AI). It must favor professional skill development in a transformation context. The goal is to present some results from this research. It is the contribution of the retrospective simulation of activity for the development of the serious game and especially, the use tests conduced on the first version of the serious game in order to measure the quality of the scenarios and the user experience.
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Créé en 2012 à Lomé, le Woelab est un FabLab africain qui accueille, forme et encourage la réalisation de projets collaboratifs. Présenté comme un « espace d'expression privilégié de démocratie technologique », le Woelab vise la diffusion d'une connaissance « LowHighTech » : ouverture du lieu, mutualisation des connaissances et des compétences, accompagnement technologique … Fortement médiatisé à travers l'invention d'une imprimante 3D made in Africa réalisée à partir de déchets électroniques, le Woelab a progressivement acquis une valeur d'exemplarité du fablab africain. Mais au-delà des éclairages médiatiques, quel sens cette aventure comme expérience revêt-elle pour les différents acteurs impliqués ? Quel a été leur parcours et sur quelles bases leur engagement s'est-il construit ? A travers l'analyse d'une série d'entretiens, nous examinerons en quoi le Woelab s'enracine dans un discours mobilisateur favorisant l'innovation.
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Digital twins are beginning to revolutionize many industries in the last decade, offering a plethora of benefits to optimize the performance of industrial systems. They aim to create a continuously synchronized model of the physical system that allows for rapid adaptation to dynamics, primarily to unpredicted and undesired changes. A vast range of industrial domains have already benefited from digital twin technology, such as aerospace, manufacturing, healthcare, city management and shipping. In addition, recent research is beginning to explore the integration of digital twins into computer networks to enable more innovation and intelligent management. One of the building blocks of digital twin technology is the Internet of Things, where wireless sensors and actuators are deployed to provide interaction between the physical and digital worlds. This type of network is complex to manage due to its strong constraints, especially when controlling critical industrial applications, which gave rise to the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). We believe that optimizing IIoT will lead to effective integration of digital twins in Industry 4.0. In this paper, we design a Digital Twin Network (DTN) for IIoT where sensors, actuators, and communication infrastructure are replicated in the digital twin to enable real-time intelligent management of these networks. By taking advantage of Eclipse Hono which allows an efficient connectivity for the network devices and Eclipse Ditto for representing the devices states in a digital form and also providing easy access to these states for the DTN. In this way, cognitive network services such as predictive maintenance, sustainability features, network diagnostics, security management, resource allocation, energy optimization can be efficiently integrated and operated in the network lifecycle. We validate the proposed architecture by providing a resource allocation case study where we explain how the Time Slotted Channel Hopping mechanism is exploited in our architecture.
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La valse des pruneaux : chansonnette créée par Mr Ducastel à l'Eldorado ; [Illustration signée] Butscha (Émile Butscha 1847-1887) ; paroles de Villemer-Delormel, musique de Charles Pourny. Aux cloches de Corneville, L. Bathlot Éditeur [intérieur : mention artiste et lieu id. ; sans date, cotage LB3847, datation par cotage 1883 (Devriès et Lesure) ; verso vierge]. Incipit : "J'étais jadis premier solo trombonne/Aux Bouff's du Nord, dans l' faubourg Saint Martin".
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Shock-induced vibrations to the feet have been related to the feel of comfort, the biomechanical control of performance, and the risk of fatigue or injury. Up to recently, the complexity of measuring the human biodynamic response to vibration exposure implied to focus most of the research on the axial acceleration at the tibia. Using wireless three-dimensional accelerometers, this paper investigates the propagation of shock-induced vibrations through the whole lower-limb during running in the temporal and the spectral domains. Results indicated that the vibrations were not consistent across the lower-limb, showing various spatial and spectral distributions of energy. The amount of energy was not constantly decreasing from the distal to the proximal extremity of the runner’s lower-limb, especially regarding the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Vibrations in the transversal plane of the segments were substantial compared to the longitudinal axis regarding the distal extremity of the tibia, and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Further, the spectral content was wider at the distal than at the proximal end of the lower-limb. Finally, to get a thorough understanding of the risks incurred by the runners, the need to account for shock-induced vibrations up to 50 Hz has been stressed when investigating three-dimensional vibrations. The overall study raises attention on the substantial importance of the transverse components of the acceleration, and their potential relation to shear fatigue and injury during running.
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Les mesures de température que ce soit en phase liquide, gazeuse, ou sur une parois ont primordiales dans l'étude des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur ou de masse. Cet article s'essaie à la synthèse des méthodes de mesure de température basées sur l'utilisation de "thermographic phosphors" ou luminophores thermosensibles. Les luminophores thermosensibles sont des matériaux cristallins luminescents, et les propriétés de cette luminescence par exemple la distribution spectrale, ou la durée d'émission dépendent de la température. Ces matériaux présentent une richesse de propriétés optiques mais des propriétés physiques relativement similaires à celles des particules solides utilisées pour la PIV, e.g. Al2O3. De multiples approches thermométriques existent, que ce soit pour la mesure de température sur une paroi,ou dans un écoulement, utilisant la variation en température du temps de décroissance ou celle du spectre d'émission, pour des mesures point ou pour des mesures planes. Les mesures en écoulements se combinent facilement avec les approches de vélocimétrie classique comme la LDV ou la PIV, en utilisant un seul type de particules. Puisqu'il existe une grande variété de luminophores thermosensibles, l'article se penche aussi sur le choix du luminophore, en énumérant des critères de sélection,et sur les méthodes de recherche en luminophore. Des exemples d 'application tels que le refroidissement Joule-Thomson lors des détentes de gaz, ou le refroidisse-ment de paroi induit par l 'injection d 'essence sont ensuite décrits.
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Théré Christine. Guegan (Isabelle) — Inventaire des enquêtes administratives et statistiques. In: Population, 47ᵉ année, n°4, 1992. pp. 1055-1057.
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Quelle que soit la valeur de détail que l'on donne au terme d'" artisanat ", cette notion reste fortement entachée, particulièrement dans le monde romain, d'une distorsion modernisante. Consciemment ou non, celle-ci voudrait faire de l'artisanat une simple étape dans la marche à l'industrialisation, organisant une compétition à peine tacite pour déterminer quelle aire de civilisation a pu, et sous quelle forme, préfigurer la révolution industrielle. Il y a lieu de se demander si le concept d'" artisanat " a sa raison d'être dans l'antiquité, alors même que son utilisation ne porte qu'à des exclusions arbitraires rarement justifiées de sources ou de fragments de sources. À Rome, en Italie et dans les provinces, il semble opératoire de s'appuyer sur le concept d'ars, dans son acception de savoir-faire. Faute de terme explicite pour caractériser l'ensemble des activités dans le vocabulaire antique, le recours au vocable - assez neutre - de métier paraît adéquat. On pourra le délimiter ainsi : Activité fondée sur la mise en oeuvre d'un savoir technique, nécessitant l'emploi d'outils (cognitifs ou matériels) et qui tend au dégagement d'une plus-value. Cette définition est suffisamment large pour englober tous les métiers - depuis le manieur d'argent au potier en passant par les barbiers et les architectes - et permet d'entreprendre une recherche ayant vocation, à partir d'une étude technique, à résoudre des questions d'ordre économique et social. Dans ce chapitre, des cas pour l'essentiel issus de Pompéi permettent de cerner les contours de cette définition des métiers.
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We develop in this work an adaptive inexact smoothing Newton method for a nonconforming discretization of a variational inequality. As a model problem, we consider the contact problem between two membranes. Discretized with the finite volume method, this leads to a nonlinear algebraic system with complementarity constraints. The non-differentiability of the arising nonlinear discrete problem a priori requests the use of an iterative linearization algorithm in the semismooth class like, e.g., the Newton-min. In this work, we rather approximate the inequality constraints by a smooth nonlinear equality, involving a positive smoothing parameter that should be drawn down to zero. This makes it possible to directly apply any standard linearization like the Newton method. The solution of the ensuing linear system is then approximated by any iterative linear algebraic solver. In our approach, we carry out an a posteriori error analysis where we introduce potential reconstructions in discrete subspaces included in H1 (Ω), as well as H (div, Ω)-conforming discrete equilibrated flux reconstructions. With these elements, we design an a posteriori estimate that provides guaranteed upper bound on the energy error between the unavailable exact solution of the continuous level and a postprocessed, discrete, and available approximation, and this at any resolution step. It also offers a separation of the different error components, namely, discretization, smoothing, linearization, and algebraic. Moreover, we propose stopping criteria and design an adaptive algorithm where all the iterative procedures (smoothing, linearization, algebraic) are adaptively stopped; this is in particular our way to fix the smoothing parameter. Finally, we numerically assess the estimate and confirm the performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm, in particular in comparison with the semismooth Newton method.
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Two series of tungsten thin films are sputtered on silicon and glass substrates by oblique angle co-deposition technique with an original configuration. Two opposite distinct tungsten targets are simultaneously used, both tilted with an oblique angle of 80°. The growth is performed at low (0.33 Pa) and high (1.5 Pa) argon sputtering pressure and the current intensity applied to the targets varies between 50 and 250 mA. The effect of these deposition parameters on the films microstructure and electrical properties is investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and pole figures, and van der Pauw method. Due to self-shadowing effect, all tungsten sputtered thin films are porous and columnar. At low pressure, the columnar tilt angle β can be tuned with the target current intensity until obtaining vertical columns. X-ray diffraction and pole figure analyses point out a A15 crystal structure (β-W) and a uniaxial fiber texture with a <100> growth direction. In contrast, tungsten thin films deposited at high pressure present a cauliflower structure and are poorly crystallized. Both deposition parameters also affect the films electrical resistivity and anisotropy. These behaviors are discussed and linked to the microstructure and crystallography.
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La présente communication porte sur un projet de recherche pluridisciplinaire SIM2B (SIMulate To Be) qui a pour ambition de concevoir un dispositif de formation innovant sous la forme d’un environnement immersif et persistant, de type serious game (jeu sérieux), basé sur l’intelligence artificielle. Il doit permettre l’apprentissage et le développement de compétences des utilisateurs vis-à-vis des problématiques induites par des situations de changement professionnel. L’objectif est de présenter quelques résultats issus de ce travail de recherche. Il s’agit d’une contribution à la démarche de simulation rétrospective de l’activité pour le développement du dispositif et notamment les apports des tests d’usage qui visaient son évaluation. This paper concerns a SIM2B (SIMulate To Be) multidisciplinary research project which aims to create an innovative serious game focused on change management in professional environments, which includes artificial intelligence (AI). It must favor professional skill development in a transformation context. The goal is to present some results from this research. It is the contribution of the retrospective simulation of activity for the development of the serious game and especially, the use tests conduced on the first version of the serious game in order to measure the quality of the scenarios and the user experience.
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Créé en 2012 à Lomé, le Woelab est un FabLab africain qui accueille, forme et encourage la réalisation de projets collaboratifs. Présenté comme un « espace d'expression privilégié de démocratie technologique », le Woelab vise la diffusion d'une connaissance « LowHighTech » : ouverture du lieu, mutualisation des connaissances et des compétences, accompagnement technologique … Fortement médiatisé à travers l'invention d'une imprimante 3D made in Africa réalisée à partir de déchets électroniques, le Woelab a progressivement acquis une valeur d'exemplarité du fablab africain. Mais au-delà des éclairages médiatiques, quel sens cette aventure comme expérience revêt-elle pour les différents acteurs impliqués ? Quel a été leur parcours et sur quelles bases leur engagement s'est-il construit ? A travers l'analyse d'une série d'entretiens, nous examinerons en quoi le Woelab s'enracine dans un discours mobilisateur favorisant l'innovation.
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Digital twins are beginning to revolutionize many industries in the last decade, offering a plethora of benefits to optimize the performance of industrial systems. They aim to create a continuously synchronized model of the physical system that allows for rapid adaptation to dynamics, primarily to unpredicted and undesired changes. A vast range of industrial domains have already benefited from digital twin technology, such as aerospace, manufacturing, healthcare, city management and shipping. In addition, recent research is beginning to explore the integration of digital twins into computer networks to enable more innovation and intelligent management. One of the building blocks of digital twin technology is the Internet of Things, where wireless sensors and actuators are deployed to provide interaction between the physical and digital worlds. This type of network is complex to manage due to its strong constraints, especially when controlling critical industrial applications, which gave rise to the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). We believe that optimizing IIoT will lead to effective integration of digital twins in Industry 4.0. In this paper, we design a Digital Twin Network (DTN) for IIoT where sensors, actuators, and communication infrastructure are replicated in the digital twin to enable real-time intelligent management of these networks. By taking advantage of Eclipse Hono which allows an efficient connectivity for the network devices and Eclipse Ditto for representing the devices states in a digital form and also providing easy access to these states for the DTN. In this way, cognitive network services such as predictive maintenance, sustainability features, network diagnostics, security management, resource allocation, energy optimization can be efficiently integrated and operated in the network lifecycle. We validate the proposed architecture by providing a resource allocation case study where we explain how the Time Slotted Channel Hopping mechanism is exploited in our architecture.
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La valse des pruneaux : chansonnette créée par Mr Ducastel à l'Eldorado ; [Illustration signée] Butscha (Émile Butscha 1847-1887) ; paroles de Villemer-Delormel, musique de Charles Pourny. Aux cloches de Corneville, L. Bathlot Éditeur [intérieur : mention artiste et lieu id. ; sans date, cotage LB3847, datation par cotage 1883 (Devriès et Lesure) ; verso vierge]. Incipit : "J'étais jadis premier solo trombonne/Aux Bouff's du Nord, dans l' faubourg Saint Martin".
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influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Shock-induced vibrations to the feet have been related to the feel of comfort, the biomechanical control of performance, and the risk of fatigue or injury. Up to recently, the complexity of measuring the human biodynamic response to vibration exposure implied to focus most of the research on the axial acceleration at the tibia. Using wireless three-dimensional accelerometers, this paper investigates the propagation of shock-induced vibrations through the whole lower-limb during running in the temporal and the spectral domains. Results indicated that the vibrations were not consistent across the lower-limb, showing various spatial and spectral distributions of energy. The amount of energy was not constantly decreasing from the distal to the proximal extremity of the runner’s lower-limb, especially regarding the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Vibrations in the transversal plane of the segments were substantial compared to the longitudinal axis regarding the distal extremity of the tibia, and the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Further, the spectral content was wider at the distal than at the proximal end of the lower-limb. Finally, to get a thorough understanding of the risks incurred by the runners, the need to account for shock-induced vibrations up to 50 Hz has been stressed when investigating three-dimensional vibrations. The overall study raises attention on the substantial importance of the transverse components of the acceleration, and their potential relation to shear fatigue and injury during running.
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Les mesures de température que ce soit en phase liquide, gazeuse, ou sur une parois ont primordiales dans l'étude des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur ou de masse. Cet article s'essaie à la synthèse des méthodes de mesure de température basées sur l'utilisation de "thermographic phosphors" ou luminophores thermosensibles. Les luminophores thermosensibles sont des matériaux cristallins luminescents, et les propriétés de cette luminescence par exemple la distribution spectrale, ou la durée d'émission dépendent de la température. Ces matériaux présentent une richesse de propriétés optiques mais des propriétés physiques relativement similaires à celles des particules solides utilisées pour la PIV, e.g. Al2O3. De multiples approches thermométriques existent, que ce soit pour la mesure de température sur une paroi,ou dans un écoulement, utilisant la variation en température du temps de décroissance ou celle du spectre d'émission, pour des mesures point ou pour des mesures planes. Les mesures en écoulements se combinent facilement avec les approches de vélocimétrie classique comme la LDV ou la PIV, en utilisant un seul type de particules. Puisqu'il existe une grande variété de luminophores thermosensibles, l'article se penche aussi sur le choix du luminophore, en énumérant des critères de sélection,et sur les méthodes de recherche en luminophore. Des exemples d 'application tels que le refroidissement Joule-Thomson lors des détentes de gaz, ou le refroidisse-ment de paroi induit par l 'injection d 'essence sont ensuite décrits.
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