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During the RU-Land_2021_Yakutia summer field campaign in August and September 2021 in the Verkhoyansk Mountain Range in Eastern Yakutia and in the Central Yakutian Lowland, multispectral drone-based images were acquired over 53 selected lakes to analyse the vegetation and shallow lake waters along shores and to record the current lake shorelines. The images were taken in the course of further investigations of the lakes during that summer expedition. Baisheva et al. (2022) gives an overview of the lakes studied and the corresponding hydrochemistry. In addition, we published datasets including water isotope data of the lake (Stieg et al. 2022) and vegetation surveys of the lakeshores (Stieg et al. 2022). The dataset with the corresponding processed lake images, the so-called orthomosaics, can be found here: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.956223. Here we provide the event list, which gives an overview of the relevant lake information. Due to the varying lake sizes, only sections of the shore were recorded for some lakes (see information on orthomosaic quality). Some orthomosaics contain several lakes because the lakes are small and are located close to each other. This is especially the case for the thermokarst lakes in the Central Yakutian lowland. Occasionally, there are multiple orthomosaics (indicated with _1 and _2) because either different sections of the shore have been recorded or they were acquired on different days. The lake sizes were calculated from the processed orthomosaics. For fragmented orthomosaics, additionally, Sentinel-2 satellite data was used to calculate the lake area provided in the metadata. All data were collected and processed by scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Germany, the University of Potsdam, Germany, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Germany and the North-Eastern Federal University of Yakutsk (NEFU), Russia.

This dataset contains methane and nitrous oxide dissolved gas concentration, dissolved methane carbon isotope, and ancillary hydrographic data from research cruises in the North American Arctic Ocean between 2015-2018. Ocean samples for methane and nitrous oxide analysis were collected from Niskin bottles mounted on a CTD rosette. Water was collected into glass serum bottles and allowed to overflow three times before preserving with mercuric chloride and sealing with with butyl rubber stoppers and aluminum crimp seals. Gas concentrations were determined using a purge and trap system coupled to a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, following the method of Capelle et al. (2015). Equilibrium dry atmospheric concentrations were 328.25, 329.14, 330.11, and 330.96 ppb for N2O and 1919.64, 1933.67, 1934.92, and 1933.50 ppb for CH4 in 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively. Equilibrium dissolved concentrations were calculated from the measured temperature and salinity following Wiesenburg and Guinasso (1979) for CH4 and Weiss and Price (1980) for N2O. Equilibrium concentrations were calculated based on sample temperature and salinity and the atmospheric N2O or CH4 concentrations measured at Barrow, Alaska by the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division (Dlugokencky et al., 2020a,b), with corrections to local sea level pressure and 100% humidity. Oxygen concentration was determined using an oxygen sensor mounted on the Niskin rosette, calibrated with discrete samples analyzed by Winkler titration. The mixed layer depth was defined based on a potential density difference criterion of 0.125 kg/m³ relative to the density at 5 m depth, using CTD profiles binned to 1 m. The mixed layer depth was set to 5 m as a minimum. The instantaneous gas transfer velocities and fluxes are based on the instantaneous wind speed at the time of sampling. The 30-day weighted gas transfer velocities and fluxes are integrated over the residence time of the gas in the mixed layer, using up to the prior 30 days of observations, following the method of Teeter et al. (2018) as described in the main manuscript of Manning et al. (2022). The 60-day weighted gas transfer velocities and fluxes are integrated over the residence time of the gas in the mixed layer, using the prior 60 days of observations, following the method of Teeter et al. (2018) as described in the main manuscript of Manning et al. (2022). Atmospheric sea level pressure was obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis product, which is provided by the NOAA-ESRL Physical Sciences Laboratory (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded). Fractional ice cover was obtained from the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (https://osi-saf.eumetsat.int). Sea ice concentration product AMSR-2 (identifier OSI-408) was used in 2017–2018 and SSMIS (identifier OSI-401-b) was used in 2015–2016.

Conductivity-temperature-depth profiles were measured using a Seabird SBE 911plus CTD during RV HEINCKE cruise HE618. The CTD was equipped with duplicate sensors for temperature (SBE3plus), conductivity (SBE4) and oxygen (SBE43). Additional sensors such as a WET Labs C-Star transmissometer, a WET Labs ECO-AFL fluorometer and an altimeter (PSA-916 Teledyne (Benthos)) were mounted to the CTD. Temperature, conductivity and oxygen sensors are calibrated by the manufacturer once a year before being mounted in January. They are used throughout the year and no post-cruise or in-situ calibration is applied. All other sensors are calibrated irregularly. Data were connected to the station book of the specific cruise as available in the DSHIP database. Processing of the data including removal of obvious outliers followed the procedures described in CTD Processing Logbook of RV HEINCKE (hdl:10013/epic.47427). The processing report for this dataset is linked below.

The data sets includes pollen records from 16 sediment cores taken at the margins of Lake Tiefer See / north-eastern Germany. The sediment cores were primarily studied to produce a lake level reconstruction for Tiefer See. Pollen analysis was applied for pollen stratigraphic dating of the sediments in comparison with a high resolution pollen record from the centre of Lake Tiefer See. Moreover, pollen analysis was also used to infer past water levels trough time at the core locations. The sediment cores for pollen analysis were taken and analysed between 2012 and 2017, either from the ice or a raft. For coring either a piston corer or a chamber corer were used. Only three of the sediment records (TS-2, TS-3, TS-17) cover the Holocene largely continuously, the others mainly only cover early- or late Holocene sections.

In this study we analyzed the impact of seawater carbonate chemistry on the incorporation of elements in both hyaline and porcelaneous larger benthic foraminifera. We observed a higher incorporation of Zn and Ba when pCO2 increases from 350 to 1200?ppm. Modeling the activity of free ions as a function of pCO2 shows that speciation of some elements (like Zn and Ba) is mainly influenced by the formation of carbonate complexes in seawater. Hence, differences in foraminiferal uptake of these might be related primarily by the speciation of these elements in seawater. We investigated differences in trends in element incorporation between hyaline (perforate) and porcelaneous (imperforate) foraminifera in order to unravel processes involved in element uptake and subsequent foraminiferal calcification. In hyaline foraminifera we observed a correlation of element incorporation of different elements between species, reflected by a general higher incorporation of elements in species with higher Mg content. Between porcelaneous species, inter-element differences are much smaller. Besides these contrasting trends in element incorporation, however, similar trends are observed in element incorporation as a function of seawater carbonate chemistry in both hyaline and porcelaneous species. This suggests similar mechanisms responsible for the transportation of ions to the site of calcification for these groups of foraminifera, although the contribution of these processes might differ across species. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2016) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2017-05-12. Supplement to: van Dijk, Inge; de Nooijer, Lennart Jan; Reichart, Gert-Jan (2017): Trends in element incorporation in hyaline and porcelaneous foraminifera as a function of pCO2. Biogeosciences, 14(3), 497-510

Paired radiocarbon measurements on haptophyte biomarkers (alkenones) and on co-occurring tests of planktic foraminifera (Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globogerinoides sacculifer) from late glacial to Holocene sediments at core locations ME0005-24JC, Y69-71P, and MC16 from the south-western and central Panama Basin indicate no significant addition of pre-aged alkenones by lateral advection. The strong temporal correspondence between alkenones, foraminifera and total organic carbon (TOC) also implies negligible contributions of aged terrigenous material. Considering controversial evidence for sediment redistribution in previous studies of these sites, our data imply that the laterally supplied material cannot stem from remobilization of substantially aged sediments. Transport, if any, requires syn-depositional nepheloid layer transport and redistribution of low-density or fine-grained components within decades of particle formation. Such rapid and local transport minimizes the potential for temporal decoupling of proxies residing in different grain-size fractions and thus facilitates comparison of various proxies for paleoceanographic reconstructions in this study area. Anomalously old foraminiferal tests from a glacial depth interval of core Y69-71P may result from episodic spillover of fast bottom currents across the Carnegie Ridge transporting foraminiferal sands towards the north. Supplement to: Kusch, Stephanie; Eglinton, Timothy Ian; Mix, Alan C; Mollenhauer, Gesine (2010): Timescales of lateral sediment transport in the Panama Basin as revealed by radiocarbon ages of alkenones, total organic carbon and foraminifera. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 290(3-4), 340-350 Depths Comment (Depth in cm) refer to foraminifera samples, if different from organic matter samples. Analytical uncertainties are given as 1 Sigma analytical errors.

Ocean acidification can reduce the growth and survival of marine species during their larval stages. However, if populations have the genetic capacity to adapt and increase their tolerance of low pH and high pCO2 levels, this may offset the harmful effects of ocean acidification. By combining controlled breeding experiments with laboratory manipulations of seawater chemistry, we evaluated genetic variation in tolerance of ocean acidification conditions for a nearshore marine fish, the California Grunion (Leuresthes tenuis). Our results indicated that acidification conditions increased overall mortality rates of grunion larvae, but did not have a significant effect on growth. Groups of larvae varied widely with respect to mortality and growth rates in both ambient and acidified conditions. We demonstrate that the potential to evolve in response to ocean acidification is best described by considering additive genetic variation in fitness‐related traits under both ambient and acidified conditions, and by evaluating the genetic correlation between traits expressed in these environments. We used a multivariate animal model to estimate additive genetic (co)variance in larval growth and mortality rates under both ambient and acidified conditions (low pH/high pCO2). Our results suggest appreciable genetic variation in larval mortality rates (h2Ambient = 0.120; h2Acidified = 0.183; rG = 0.460), but less genetic variation in growth (h2Ambient = 0.092; h2Acidified = 0.101; rG = 0.135). Maternal effects on larval mortality rates accounted for 26‐36% of the variation in phenotypes, but maternal effects accounted for only 8% of the variation in growth. Collectively, our estimates of genetic variation and covariation suggest that populations of California Grunion have the capacity to adapt relatively quickly to long‐term changes in ocean chemistry. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2019) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2020-09-18.