Slash-and-burning forest clearing is a common practice in the Amazon region. In order to understand to what extent this may change the basic mechanisms of soil fertility, we analyzed the structure of the microbial community in forest and deforested soils and relate these to changes in soil chemical factors. Deforestation decreased soil organic matter (OM) content and factors linked to soil acidity, and raised soil pH, base saturation, and the concentration of exchangeable bases. Concomitantly to expected changes in soil chemical factors, we observed an increase in the alpha diversity of the bacterial microbiota and relative abundance of putative copiotrophic microbes such as Actinobacteria, and a decrease in the relative abundance of bacteria such as Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia in the deforested soils. We did not observe an increase in genes related to microbial nutrient metabolism in deforested soils; however we did observe changes in community functions, which included increases in DNA repair, protein processing, modification, degradation and folding functions. In addition there were changes in composition of the bacterial groups associated with metabolism-related functions. Co-occurrence microbial network structures identified distinct phylogenetic pattern for forest and deforested soils and opened the possibilities to investigate relationships between Planctomycetes and Al content, and Actinobacteria and nitrogen sources in Amazon soils. The results support taxonomical and functional adaptations in the soil bacterial community following deforestation. We hypothesize that these microbial adaptations may serve as a buffer to drastic changes in soil fertility after slash-and-burning deforestation in the Amazon region.
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Second place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Meteor showers. A meteor shower occurs when the debris originated from comets or, on rare occasions, from asteroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere at high speed, leaving behind beautiful tracks in the sky due to friction with the atmosphere. This all-sky image taken in Slovakia in 2020 shows the Perseid meteor shower in a vivid way so one can really see the Perseids appearing all over the sky. This meteor shower is named so because the radiant point (the point on the sky where the meteors misleadingly seem to originate from) of the Perseid meteor shower is located in the constellation Perseus. This is a very prolific meteor shower, and a very popular phenomenon that can be observed from mid-July until mid-August, when the peak of activity happens. This is associated with the comet 109P/Swift–Tuttle, as Earth's orbit around the Sun crosses the debris left behind by this comet. This kind of image is very useful for full dome projections in planetariums, beautifully showing the Milky Way, our home Galaxy. Credit: Tomáš Slovinský/IAU OAE
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Supplementary data for paper "The Venusian atmospheric oxygen ion escape: Extrapolation to the early Solar System", submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. See README file for description of the data in each file.
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Supplement 1: additional photomicrographsSupplumnet 2: raw data for bulk stable isotopes and organic carbon contentSupplumnet 3: Occurance chart for nannofossils used for biostratigraphy
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Morphometric measurements of bivalves were collected from the base of the Westbury Formation (Rhaetian) to the Angulata Zone (Hettangian) in St. Audrie’s Bay; from the base of the Langport Member to the Angulata Zone in Pinhay Bay; and from the Westbury Formation to the Liasicus Zone (Hettangian) in Larne (Supplementary Figure 1 and supplemental files). One sample of 1.5 ± 0.2 kg was collected from each major lithology (limestone and mudstone) on average every 1.98 ± 0.5m. In addition, to increase the sample size of each stratigraphic horizon, individual measurements were made in the field from bedding plane exposures using a tape measure (standard error ± 0.5 mm). Samples from the different lithologies were processed in different ways. Limestone rock samples of 1.5 ± 0.2 kg (with dimensions of ca. 20cm length × 20cm width ×15cm height) were cut perpendicular to the bedding plane surface, generating slabs approximately 8cm wide (see Supplementary Figure 2A). Using a chisel-tipped hammer, each slab (20×15×8 cm) was then splitted parallel to the bedding plane, which generated sampling plates of approximately 2×20×8cm with specimens exposed on the surfaces of each slab for potential measurement (see Supplementary Figure 2A). This technique minimized damage to the specimens in order to preserve entire individuals for measurement. In contrast, mudstone samples were broken into ~49 cm2 chips, and water was used to soak the rock and separate the fossils without damaging them. All the bivalves were classified from published information (Hodges 2000, Lord and Davis 2010, Swift and Martill 1999). In all cases, measurements of the length (maximum distance on the anterior–posterior axis) and height (maximum distance on the dorsal-ventral axis) were recorded only from complete, well-preserved specimens (Supplementary Figure 2B-C). All morphometric variables were measured using electronic calipers (Standard error ± 0.01 mm). Data Analysis: The body size of each specimen was calculated as the geometric mean (i.e., the square root of the product of length and width) and log2 transformed to reduce the heteroscedasticity and to facilitate graphic representation (Piazza et al. 2019). The synergic relationship between physiology, ecology and evolutionary process makes the body size distribution (BSD) an essential component of the community ecology. Body size is highly susceptible to environmental change, and extreme upheavals, such as during a mass extinction event, could exert drastic changes on a taxon’s BSD. It has been hypothesized that the Late Triassic mass extinction event (LTE) was triggered by intense global warming, linked to massive volcanic activity associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province. We test the effects of the LTE on the BSD of fossil bivalve assemblages from three study sites spanning the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in the UK. Our results show that the effects of the LTE were rapid and synchronous across sites, and the BSDs of the bivalves record drastic changes associated with species turnover. No phylogenetic signal of size selectivity was recorded, although semi-infaunal species were apparently most susceptible to change. Each size class had the same likelihood of extinction during the LTE, which resulted in a platykurtic BSD with negative skew. The immediate post-extinction assemblage exhibits a leptokurtic BSD although with negatively skewed, where surviving species and newly appearing small-sized colonizers exhibit body sizes near the modal size. Recovery was relatively rapid (~100kyr), and larger bivalves began to appear during the Pre-Planorbis Zone, despite recurrent dysoxic/anoxic conditions. This study demonstrates how a mass extinction acts across the size spectrum in bivalves and shows how BSDs emerge from evolutionary and ecological processes. Supplementary information contains: Dataset.Body.Size.Opazo&Twitchett2021.csv_Paleobiology contains one spreadsheet with all body size measurements used in this study. This file is made up of 17 columns which indicates: Formation = Corresponds to stratigraphic units (and biozones) considered in this study: WF: Westbury Formation/ CM: Cotham Member/ LM: Langport Member/ PPZ=Pre-Planorbis Zone/ PZ=Planorbis Zone/ LZ: Liasicus Zone/ AZ: Angulata Zone Locality = NI: Larne, Northern Ireland/PB: Pinhay Bay, Devon/AB: St. Audrie's Bay (all from United Kingdom) Sample = Sample Code Heights (m) = Stratigraphic height Tier = Infaunal/Surficial/Semi-infaunal Taxonomy=Order/Family/Genus/Species Ecological categories: Colonizers/Extinct/Survivors Length (mm) = Maximum distance on the anterior–posterior axis Height (mm) = Maximum distance on the dorsal-ventral axis BS (mm) = Body size expressed as geometric mean (i.e., the square root of the product of length and width) log2 (BS) = log2 of the geometric mean Residuals = Grand bivalves mean (log2) minus the body size (log2) of each specimen Lithology = Mudstone/Limestone Opazo&Twitchett2021.Supplementary.text.pdf_Paleobiology: This file contains information regarding paleoenvironment, extinction event and the Triassic/Jurassic Boundary, and geological setting of the Triassic/Jurassic Boundary in the United Kingdom. Additionally, this file contains the R code to generate a null model completely random. 1. Opazo&Twitchett2021.Supplementary.figures.pdf_Paleobiology 2. Opazo&Twitchett2021.Supplementary.tables.pdf_Paleobiology
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In boreal commercial forests, carbon sequestration, climate change adaptation, and biodiversity conservation can be promoted through various measures. This study examines the factors affecting non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners��� preferences for such forest management practices. A systematic literature review serves as a reference for the empirical analysis of a survey data on the Finnish NIPF owners��� stated willingness to adopt thirteen distinct forest management practices. Binary logit models reveal socio-demographic factors, site-specific characteristics, previous forest management, and motivations for forest ownership that are associated with the stated adoption of management practices. Especially, environmental and financial motivations play an important role in decisions concerning forest management practices. Statistically significant factors vary depending on the forest management practice, reflecting the NIPF owner heterogeneity. Younger and highly educated forest owners are more supportive for various management practices that promote biodiversity, while older forest owners are reluctant towards deadwood retention. The results underline the importance of accounting for heterogeneous preferences regarding forest management practices when designing and implementing policies and advisory services aiming at enhancing carbon sequestration, climate change adaptation, or biodiversity in boreal commercial forests.
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The FIDUCEO Microwave Fundamental Climate data record, v4.1, contains microwave brightness temperatures and uncertainties for series of satellite instruments (all mission years of SSMT2 on F11, F12, F14, F15; AMSU-B on NOAA15, NOAA16 and NOAA17; and MHS missions (NOAA18, NOAA19, MetopA,-B)). The presented FCDR is a long data record of increased consistency among the instruments compared to the operational data record and is a long enough data record to generate climate data records (CDRs) for climate research. The improvements are based on the strict application of the measurement equation as well as dedicated corrections and improvements within the calibration process. The data record contains quantified uncertainty components, respecting the correlation behaviour of underlying effects. Full documentation including product user guide, tutorials, the scientific basis and relevant publications are available in the documentation
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The thermodynamic parameters contour plots are presented for catalytically supported thermal combustion systems. The catalytically supported thermal combustion system comprises a concentric annular channel, wherein the concentric annular channel further comprises an inner annular channel and an outer annular channel. A platinum catalyst is deposited only upon the interior surface of the inner channel, and the wall of the outer channel is chemically inert and catalytically inactive. The concentrically arranged annular channel is 5.0 millimeters in inner channel length, 5.6 millimeters in outer channel length, 0.8 millimeters in innermost diameter, 2.6 millimeters in outermost diameter, 0.1 millimeters in catalyst layer thickness, and 0.2 millimeters in wall thickness. The spacing between the inner channel and the outer channel is 0.4 millimeters and remains constant. The system can have any dimension unless restricted by design requirements. All the walls have the same thickness. The reactant stream flows through the catalytically-coated inner channel and the product stream flows out of the outer non-catalytic channel. The maximum Reynolds number is less than 360 at the flow inlet and 960 when the velocity of the flow of the fluid is highest in the channels. To facilitate computational modeling of transport phenomena and chemical kinetics in the flowing system of complex chemical reactions involving gas-phase and surface species, steady-state analyses are performed and computational fluid dynamics is used. The model is implemented in commercially available software ANSYS FLUENT to obtain the solution of the problem. ANSYS FLUENT handles thermodynamic properties, transport properties, gas-phase equation-of-state, and chemical kinetics. Detailed chemistry is included in the model. Detailed chemical mechanisms are playing an increasingly important role in developing chemical kinetics models for combustion. Detailed chemical mechanisms are incorporated into the reacting flow for the system. The homogeneous combustion is modeled with the detailed chemical mechanism for methane oxidation in CHEMKIN format. Detailed heterogeneous chemistry in SURFACE-CHEMKIN format is included in the model. The rates of the elementary reactions involved in the combustion process are determined by Arrhenius kinetic expressions. Numerical simulations with the detailed chemical mechanism are typically computationally expensive. The detailed chemical mechanism is invariably stiff and therefore its numerical integration is computationally costly. Contributor: Junjie Chen, E-mail address: koncjj@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-5022-6863, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China
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doi: 10.5683/sp3/ibbdtf
These data are in support of the submission to Atmospheric Measurement Techniques journal.
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Slash-and-burning forest clearing is a common practice in the Amazon region. In order to understand to what extent this may change the basic mechanisms of soil fertility, we analyzed the structure of the microbial community in forest and deforested soils and relate these to changes in soil chemical factors. Deforestation decreased soil organic matter (OM) content and factors linked to soil acidity, and raised soil pH, base saturation, and the concentration of exchangeable bases. Concomitantly to expected changes in soil chemical factors, we observed an increase in the alpha diversity of the bacterial microbiota and relative abundance of putative copiotrophic microbes such as Actinobacteria, and a decrease in the relative abundance of bacteria such as Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia in the deforested soils. We did not observe an increase in genes related to microbial nutrient metabolism in deforested soils; however we did observe changes in community functions, which included increases in DNA repair, protein processing, modification, degradation and folding functions. In addition there were changes in composition of the bacterial groups associated with metabolism-related functions. Co-occurrence microbial network structures identified distinct phylogenetic pattern for forest and deforested soils and opened the possibilities to investigate relationships between Planctomycetes and Al content, and Actinobacteria and nitrogen sources in Amazon soils. The results support taxonomical and functional adaptations in the soil bacterial community following deforestation. We hypothesize that these microbial adaptations may serve as a buffer to drastic changes in soil fertility after slash-and-burning deforestation in the Amazon region.
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Second place in the 2021 IAU OAE Astrophotography Contest, category Meteor showers. A meteor shower occurs when the debris originated from comets or, on rare occasions, from asteroids enter the Earth’s atmosphere at high speed, leaving behind beautiful tracks in the sky due to friction with the atmosphere. This all-sky image taken in Slovakia in 2020 shows the Perseid meteor shower in a vivid way so one can really see the Perseids appearing all over the sky. This meteor shower is named so because the radiant point (the point on the sky where the meteors misleadingly seem to originate from) of the Perseid meteor shower is located in the constellation Perseus. This is a very prolific meteor shower, and a very popular phenomenon that can be observed from mid-July until mid-August, when the peak of activity happens. This is associated with the comet 109P/Swift–Tuttle, as Earth's orbit around the Sun crosses the debris left behind by this comet. This kind of image is very useful for full dome projections in planetariums, beautifully showing the Milky Way, our home Galaxy. Credit: Tomáš Slovinský/IAU OAE
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Supplementary data for paper "The Venusian atmospheric oxygen ion escape: Extrapolation to the early Solar System", submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. See README file for description of the data in each file.
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Supplement 1: additional photomicrographsSupplumnet 2: raw data for bulk stable isotopes and organic carbon contentSupplumnet 3: Occurance chart for nannofossils used for biostratigraphy
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