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In 1935 a politically active physician was exiled from his urban home in northern Italy to the countryside several hundred kilometres away. There he found himself in a world of squabbling petty gentry, overworked peasants and negligent, fornicating clergy. Ordinary people had recourse in their spiritual life more often to folklore, witchcraft and superstition, the exile noted, than to the parish church and its despised priest. The people placed their faith in gnomes and magic spells. They even said of themselves that Christianity (and hence Civilization) had never reached as far as their land. Even so those same apparent pagans did attend Mass on high holidays and venerated the Blessed Virgin Mary. The physician in question was the Italian anti-fascist Carlo Levi; the apparently God-forsaken land was Lucania (Basilicata), in southern Italy, not Lithuania. Similar stories of the remnants of ancient arcane behaviour might be told of peasants in other western European countries. When reading sixteenth-century Protestant polemical literature such as the De diis Samagitiarum caeterorumque sarmatarum et falsorum christianorum of Jan Łaski with its list of the pagan deities and of the Žemaitijans and Sarmatians and other false Christians, or the Annual Reports sent to Rome by Lithuanian Jesuits describing their missionary efforts in the Lithuanian and Livonian countryside, we might wonder whether for them Christ had stopped at the Polish border.

Leksikoje ir frazeologijoje somatizmai yra vieni iš pagrindinių elementų, atliekančių informacijos, kuri lydi žmogų per visą jo gyvenimą, suvokimo funkciją. Todėl daugelyje kalbų yra nemažai įvairių somatizmų ne tik bendrinėje kalboje, bet ir frazeologizmuose. Frazeologizmų su somatizmais gausa ir įvairovė būdinga daugeliui indoeuropiečių kalbų, todėl aptinkama ne tik ekvivalentinių somatinių frazeologizmų, ypač baltų, slavų, romanų ir germanų kalbose, bet ir frazeologizmų su somatizmais skoliniais, kurie patvirtina esant tarpkalbinę sąveiką, ir beekvivalentinius somatizmus, parodančius tų kalbų konceptualizacijos specifiką. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos somatizmų konceptualizacijos ypatybės rusų kalboje su daliniu lietuvių ir prancūzų atitikmenų įtraukimu. Analizuojami „frazeologiniai laukai“ koncepto „kūnas“, t.y. somatiniai frazeologizmai su komponentu „galva“, „ausis“, „akis“, „nosis“, „liežuvis“. The article focuses on peculiarities of conceptualisation of somatisms phraseological field of the lingua-cultural concept “body”, concentrating namely on somatic phraseologisms containing such components as "head", "ear", "eye", "nose", "tongue" (i.e., the main perceptive organs of the surrounding environment) and also referring to their equivalents in the Lithuanian and French languages. The results of the analysis revealed that almost all the somatic phraseologisms, which contain the name of a certain part of the body, characterise the figurative (metonymical or metaphorical) meaning of the aforesaid somatism, whereas in rare cases, they were expressed in their direct meaning. Then conceptualisation, i.e., mental structurization of the objective reality occurs mainly following schemes and patterns of the human body, the body of an animal is employed less often and "the body" of a plant is even less frequently used, since representation of such realia of the surrounding world in linguistic units (in somatic phraseological units in this research) is seen by an individual as one of the easiest and most complete ways of perception. The understanding of world phenomena occurs namely through somatic linguistic units, which in phraseologisms converge with elements of human body, which are familiar to a human being since very childhood. This knowledge or its representations, which are received through understanding of phraseology (idiomatics), adds originality to the culture of each nation and makes it possible to differentiate one culture from other ones.

The aim of the article is to study both the magnitude and structure of internal labour reserves in the Baltic countries as well as to discuss potential policy measures that might help to activate these reserves. despite the record-high employment rates recently posted by Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, considerable internal labour reserves can still be found in some population groups. Among upper-middle-aged men, low employment might reflect a low incidence of lifelong learning, inadequate digital skills and rapidly deteriorating health condition. Low employment of youth mirrors the low prevalence of apprenticeships. in Lithuania and Latvia, there is also a postponed entry of young women into the labour market. These internal labour reserves total more than 25,000 people in Estonia, 55,000 in Latvia and 85,000 in Lithuania, corresponding to 4–7% of the total employment. The recent outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic may somewhat increase and change the structure of these labour reserves.

The article is divided into an introduction, three subchapters, and a conclusion. The introduction explains the purposes of the study, and the terminology used as well as presents the source basis. In the first subchapter, a genesis of the Reformation in Podlasie Region is outlined, with a role played by Mikołaj "The Black" Radziwiłł. Next, a list of Protestant churches is presented in the district of Podlasie existing in 1560-1796, together with the vicissitudes of the Protestants under the protection of the Radziwiłłs. The study closes with a conclusion containing the answers to the research questions posed in the introduction.

This paper is a review of the latest research work of two Lithuanian historians, Dangiras Mačiulis and Darius Staliūnas (Lithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius), entitled “Vilnius – The capital of Lithuania: A problem in the project of the national state (late 19th century – 1940)”. The authors in their work analyse the emergence, evolution and implementation of the idea of Vilnius as the capital of modern Lithuanian state at the turn of the 20th century until 1940. The monograph is based on valuable material from the archives, bibliographic sources and interesting iconography. With particular regard to the Lithuanian national project, describing and explaining the strategies of the symbolic appropriation of Vilnius and the question of Vilnius’ Lithuanisation, Mačiulis and Staliūnas first of all focus on the Lithuanian case in as much detail as possible. Here in the reviewed work we do not find such detailed analysis of Polish, Jewish, Belarusian or Russian attitudes towards the Vilnius question. Of course this does not detract from the importance of this inspiring book which is as a valuable academic publication and useful source for further research.

Gotikinės Kauno Šv. Mikalojaus (benediktinių) bažnyčios interjere šiandien atsispindi 1938–1940 m. rekonstrukcijos sprendimai. Straipsnyje keliamas klausimas, kokia buvo autentiška šios bažnyčios erdvė, kokie altoriai bei kūriniai ją puošė ir ką jie liudijo apie pačias benediktines, jų dvasingumą. Pirmosios žinios apie šventovės interjerą siekia 1700 m., tad apie jos įrangą bei dailę galima kalbėti pradedant XVIII a. ir darant kai kurias prielaidas apie XVII a. Remiantis šaltiniais bei išlikusiais kūriniais, straipsnyje analizuojami Kauno Šv. Mikalojaus (benediktinių) bažnyčios XVII–XVIII a. altoriai, siekiant atskleisti jų vietą bei kaitą interjere, meninę raišką, nustatyti ikonografinės programos ryšį su benediktinių dvasingumu. Išsamesni tyrimai šia tema iki šiol nebuvo publikuoti. Straipsnis parengtas pagal Lietuvos mokslo tarybos finansuotą projektą „Kauno Šv. Mikalojaus bažnyčios ir benediktinių vienuolyno istorija“ (sut. nr. MIP-104/2012). The solutions of 1938–1940 reconstruction predominate presently the interior of Gothic Kaunas St. Nicholas (Benedictine) church. The article raises the following issues: what the authentic space of this church was, what altars and pieces of art were decorating it and what they told about the very Benedictines and their spirituality. The first information about the interior of the church dates back to 1700, so one can only speak about its equipment and fine arts from the beginning of the 18th century and make certain prerequisites about the 17th century. Based on sources and remaining pieces of art the article analyses the altars of Kaunas St. Nicholas (Benedictine) church of the 17th–18th centuries aiming to reveal the place and change of the equipment in the interior, its artistic expression, to establish the relation of the iconographic program with the spirituality of the Benedictines. An exhaustive investigation on this theme has not been published till present. The article has been prepared according to a project “The History of Kaunas St. Nicholas Church and Benedictine Convent” financed by the Science Council of Lithuania (Agr. No. MIP-104/2012).

There is no doubt that this exemplary work will remain the reference edition of Paul Friedrich Ruhig’s Anfangsgründe in the years to come. It is not only very informative, philologically and historically impeccable; it is also well-structured, well-written and edited with the utmost care. I am very grateful to the editors for this excellent work, which enriches considerably our knowledge on the development of Lithuanian philology in the course of its history. As I came to Lithuanian studies at the beginning of the 1990s, shortly after the independence of Lithuania, I was immediately fascinated by the mushrooming of philological work on Old Lithuanian texts, as if editing early documents of the Lithuanian language was for that generation of scholars a means of recovering their identity. The present book shows that, even nowadays, in a world of globalization and growing indifference towards the past, it is still rewarding to look back to the legacy of ancient texts such as this one and to devote special attention to their philological survival.

Remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize, galima teigti, kad Lietuvoje, kaip ir daugumoje Europos šalių, yra užfiksuotas nepakankamas fizinis aktyvumas (FA) visose amžiaus grupėse. Nepakankamas FA priveda prie sveikatos sutrikimų – nutukimo, širdies ligų, nerimo, streso ir kt. Todėl yra svarbu atlikti tyrimus, analizuoti paauglių fizinį aktyvumą ir suprasti šią vis didėjančią problemą. Tyrimo objektas – paauglių fizinis aktyvumas. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti 14–19 m. mokinių fizinį aktyvumą amžiaus, lyties bei socialinės padėties aspektu. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Atskleisti mokinių fizinį aktyvumą lyties aspektu; 2. Atskleisti mokinių fizinį aktyvumą amžiaus aspektu; 3. Atskleisti mokinių fizinį aktyvumą pagal socialinę padėtį šeimoje. Tiriamąją imtį sudarė 205 paaugliai iš Vytauto Didžiojo gimnazijos. Tyrime buvo taikomas anketinės apklausos metodas, paaugliai turėjo atsakyti į 8 klausimus, susijusius su fiziniu aktyvumu per savaitę laisvalaikiu, mokykloje ir sugrįžus iš jos. Gavus tyrimo duomenis buvo siekiama atskleisti fizinį aktyvumą lyties, amžiaus ir šeimos socialinės padėties aspektu. Tyrimo duomenims apskaičiuoti taikyta SPSS 25 versijos programa. Tyrimo rezultatai – nustatyta, kad vaikinai mokykloje ir sugrįžę iš jos buvo fiziškai aktyvesni už merginas (p 0,05). [...] Scientific literature have shown that in Lithuania, as in most European countries, insufficient physical activity has been recorded in all age groups. Inadequate physical activity leads to health problems such as obesity, heart disease, stress, anxiety. Therefore, it is important to conduct research to analyse the physical activity of adolescents. Research object: physical activity of adolescents; research objective: to reveal physical activity of students aged between 14 and 19 years, in terms of age, gender and family social status. Research methods and material: research sample consisted of 205 adolescents from Vytautas Magnus Gymnasium. A survey was used as a method to conduct the study data, where the adolescents had to answer 8 questions related to physical activity in their free time, at school and back home in a span of a week. After conducting the survey data, the aim was to reveal physical activity in terms of gender, age and family social status. SPSS program version 25 was used to calculate the data of the study. Research findings: it was found that boys were more physically active than girls both at school and upon returning home from school (p 0.05).[...]

Pedagoginė praktika – esminis profesinės raidos etapas, o studentų pasitenkinimas per praktiką atliekama profesine veikla gali būti lemtingas po studijų renkantis mokytojo kelią. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomi tęstinio tyrimo, kuriuo siekiama analizuoti būsimųjų psichologijos mokytojų per pedagoginę praktiką patiriamus sunkumus, rezultatai. Analizuotos dviejų pedagoginės praktikos etapų studentų refleksijos. Atlikta kiekybinė ir kokybinė refleksijų analizė parodė, kad studentai praktikos metu dažniausiai abejoja savo žiniomis ir kompetencijomis bei patiria klasės valdymo problemų, o tų pačių studentų patiriamų sunkumų proporcijos laikui bėgant reikšmingai nesikeičia. In the opinion of authors involved in studies on teacher education, teaching practice is an essential period of professional development (Hormenu et al., 2014; Hussain et al., 2013; Kirbulut & Bektas, 2011) and personality transformation (Schoeman & Mabunda, 2012) that enables student teachers to develop their professional and classroom identity as well as strengthening knowledge of theory and practice (Lakateb, 2016; Morales Cortés, 2016). Therefore, an analysis of the experience gained during each practice, as well as its dynamics, is undoubtedly useful in developing an active response to the difficulties faced by the student teachers and in adjusting the training process in a way that convinces them they are sufficiently prepared to overcome these difficulties. This study is an analysis of the difficulties faced by prospective teachers of psychology during their teaching practice and the dynamics of such difficulties. We have analysed the reflections of two teaching practices of the previous two years undergone by the same student teachers (n = 34). In the study, we applied qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The analysis of the results shows that during the practice students usually doubt their skills and competences in confronting difficulties in classroom management such as first contact with pupils, attention management, involvement in activities, response to misbehaviour, maintenance of discipline etcetera. The quantitative analysis of the confronted difficulties shows that the proportion of the experienced difficulties does not change from one practice to another (McNemar test χ2 <3.84). More than half (56 %) of students pointed out the same difficulties faced during the first and the second practice. Although some student teachers assess their pedagogical competence as improved, it remains unclear why a meaningful reduction of the difficulties reported after the first practice does not take place in the second practice. The results suggest more research is needed into the dynamics of difficulties experienced by student teachers and into planning new ways to develop professional competences.