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  • 2019-2023
  • Open Access
  • Publikationer från KTH

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hou, Novalie; Jiang, Sofie;

    This project is a bachelor thesis and aims to study the integration of concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD) for water desalination and purification. In this report, an introduction of the need for efficient water desalination is presented. Following the introduction, relevant literature has been reviewed to build up the fundamental understanding of CPV, RO and MD. A general classification of CPV subsequently introduced. In order to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of CPVs, two case studies were performed with two different types of CPV/T. The cost efficiency of each type of CPV was analysed when integrated with RO and MD systems. The result turns out to be that it was not economically beneficial to have MD in the integrated system. The reason behind is the extensive thermal energy demand of MD. Other affecting parameters, such as location and system types were also discussed. Lastly, improvements and suggestions for further studies were considered. Detta projekt är en kandidatuppsats och syftar till att studera ett integrerande system bestående av koncentrerade solceller (CPV), omvänd osmos (RO) och membrandestillation (MD) för vattenavsaltning och rening. Rapporten börjar med en introduktion om behovet av effektiv avsaltning av vatten. Relevant litteratur har granskats för att bygga upp den grundläggande förståelsen för CPV, RO och MD. Därefter gjordes en klassificering av CPV. För att få en mer omfattande förståelse av CPV valdes två olika typer av CPV /T för en djupare undersökning. Kostnadseffektiviteten för varje CPV analyserades, när dessa var integrerade med RO- och MD-system. Resultatet visar sig att det tyvärr inte var ekonomiskt fördelaktigt att ha med MD i det integrerade systemet. Anledningen bakom detta var det omfattande termiska energibehovet för MD. Andra avgörande faktorer, såsom plats och systemtyp diskuterades tillika. Slutligen avslutades rapporten med förslag på förbättringar och områden för vidare studier.

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    Authors: Tranos, Damianos;

    We consider a class of sequential decision making problems in the presence of uncertainty, which belongs to the field of Reinforcement Learning (RL). Specifically, we study discrete Markov decision Processes (MDPs) which model a decision maker or agent that interacts with a stochastic and dynamic environment and receives feedback from it in the form of a reward. The agent seeks to maximize a notion of cumulative reward. Because the environment (both the system dynamics and reward function) is unknown, it faces an exploration-exploitation dilemma, where it must balance exploring its available actions or exploiting what it believes to be the best one. This dilemma captured by the notion of regret, which compares the rewards that the agent has accumulated thus far with those that would have been obtained by an optimal policy. The agent is then said to behave optimally, if it minimizes its regret. This thesis investigates the fundamental regret limits that can be achieved by any agent. We derive general asymptotic and problem specific regret lower bounds for the cases of ergodic and deterministic MDPs. We make these explicit for ergodic MDPs that are unstructured, for MDPs with Lipschitz transitions and rewards, as well as for deterministic MDPs that satisfy a decoupling property. Furthermore, we propose DEL, an algorithm that is valid for any ergodic MDP with any structure and whose regret upper bound matches the associated regret lower bounds, thus being truly optimal. For this algorithm, we present theoretical regret guarantees as well as a numerical demonstration that verifies its ability to exploit the underlying structure. QC 20210603

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    Authors: Evholt, David; Larsson, Oscar;

    Macroeconomic forecasting is a classic problem, today most often modeled using time series analysis. Few attempts have been made using machine learning methods, and even fewer incorporating unconventional data, such as that from social media. In this thesis, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is used to predict U.S. unemployment, beating the ARIMA benchmark on all horizons. Furthermore, attempts at using Twitter data and the Natural Language Processing (NLP) model DistilBERT are performed. While these attempts do not beat the benchmark, they do show promising results with predictive power. The models are also tested at predicting the U.S. stock index S&P 500. For these models, the Twitter data does improve the accuracy and shows the potential of social media data when predicting a more erratic index with less seasonality that is more responsive to current trends in public discourse. The results also show that Twitter data can be used to predict trends in both unemployment and the S&P 500 index. This sets the stage for further research into NLP-GAN models for macroeconomic predictions using social media data. Makroekonomiska prognoser är sedan länge en svår utmaning. Idag löses de oftast med tidsserieanalys och få försök har gjorts med maskininlärning. I denna uppsats används ett generativt motstridande nätverk (GAN) för att förutspå amerikansk arbetslöshet, med resultat som slår samtliga riktmärken satta av en ARIMA. Ett försök görs också till att använda data från Twitter och den datorlingvistiska (NLP) modellen DistilBERT. Dessa modeller slår inte riktmärkena men visar lovande resultat. Modellerna testas vidare på det amerikanska börsindexet S&P 500. För dessa modeller förbättrade Twitterdata resultaten vilket visar på den potential data från sociala medier har när de appliceras på mer oregelbunda index, utan tydligt säsongsberoende och som är mer känsliga för trender i det offentliga samtalet. Resultaten visar på att Twitterdata kan användas för att hitta trender i både amerikansk arbetslöshet och S&P 500 indexet. Detta lägger grunden för fortsatt forskning inom NLP-GAN modeller för makroekonomiska prognoser baserade på data från sociala medier.

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    Authors: Fan, Lizhou;

    Artificial photosynthesis provides a promising strategy for sustainable energy harvesting, yet its overall efficiency is limited by the water oxidation reaction. The subject of this thesis focuses on the exploration of highly efficient cost-effective heterogeneous catalysts for water oxidation, and the investigation of essential catalyst structure-activity relationships. Chapters 1 and 2 present a brief introduction on heterogeneous catalysts for water oxidation, including selected state-of-the-art catalysts, methodologies for activity improvement, and mechanistic investigations. The characterization methods used in this thesis are also demonstrated. In chapter 3, a molecular functionalization approach is developed to rationally modify the electronic structure of NiO catalyst, by which the water oxidation activity is systematically tailored. These studies correspond to the question: “How to rationally adjust the catalytic performance of heterogeneous catalysts?” In chapter 4, to lower the catalyst cost, a Fe-based Fe0.65Cr0.35Ox nanocatalyst is fabricated by structural and electronic modulation, which shows considerable water oxidation activity. These studies target the question: “How to fabricate an efficient Fe-based water oxidation catalyst?” In chapter 5, a bio-inspired Mn-based catalyst is presented. The catalyst successfully imitates the key features of the natural oxygen evolving complex, achieving dramatically improved water oxidation activity. These studies correspond to the question: “How to improve the catalytic activity of Mn-based water oxidation catalysts?” Finally, in chapter 6, a 3D NiFeCr/Cu nanoarray electrode is constructed by structural engineering, which exhibits extremely high water oxidation activity. These studies correspond to the question: “How to fabricate an efficient catalytic electrode for water oxidation?” Artificiell fotosyntes erbjuder en lovande strategi för den hållbara energiomvandlingen, men dess totala effektivitet begränsas av vattenoxidationsreaktionen. Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen av aktiva och kostnadseffektiva heterogena katalysatorer för vattenoxidation och utforskning av de väsentliga struktur-aktivitetsförhållandena. Kapitlen 1 och 2 omfattar en kort introduktion till de heterogena katalysatorerna för vattenoxidation, inklusive de utvalda toppmoderna katalysatorerna, metoder för aktivitetsförbättring och mekanistiska undersökningar. Karakteriseringsmetoderna som används i denna avhandling demonstreras också. I kapitel 3, en molekylär funktionaliseringsmetod utvecklas för att rationellt modulera den elektroniska strukturen av NiO-katalysator, genom vilken vattenoxidationsaktiviteten systematiskt anpassas. Dessa studier motsvarar frågan: “Hur kan man rationellt anpassa den katalytiska prestanda hos heterogena katalysatorer?” I kapitel 4, för att sänka katalysatorkostnaden, en Fe-baserad Fe0.65Cr0.35Ox nanokatalysator tillverkas genom strukturell och elektronisk modulering och utför betydande vattenoxidationsaktivitet. Dessa studier riktar sig till frågan: “Hur man tillverkar en effektiv Fe-rik vattenoxidationskatalysator?” I kapitel 5, en bioinspirerad Mn-baserad katalysator presenteras. Den utvecklade katalysatorn imiterar framgångsrikt nyckelfunktionerna av det naturliga syreutvecklande komplexet och uppnår dramatiskt förbättrad vattenoxidationsaktivitet. Dessa studier motsvarar frågan: “Hur kan man förbättra den katalytiska aktiviteten hos Mn-baserad vattenoxidationskatalysator?” Till sist, i kapitel 6 beskrivs konstruktionen utav en 3D NiFeCr/Cu NA (nanoarray) elektrod som uppvisar extremt hög vattenoxidation aktivitet. Dessa studier motsvarar frågan: “Hur kan man tillverka en effektiv katalytisk elektrod för vattenoxidation?” QC 2020-09-07

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Bernus, Borbala;

    Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are presented within this study for super-cooled liquid oxygen atomisation and gasification in a subcritical chamber operating at 1MPa. Relatively low cost simulation techniques have been used and their accuracy evaluated. Gasification efficiency expected from theory is compared with simulation results and physical limitation in addition to modelling limitations are discussed. Impinging jets have been used within the simulations with the intent of atomising the incoming liquid oxygen, followed by injection of hot water vapour perpendicularly, to increase turbulent mixing, residence time and in turn expected gasification efficiency. A computational fluid dynamics heating analysis is also included in order to highlight constraints on the chamber geometry imposed by transient rapid oxidation material limits. 316 stainless steel and 3D printed Inconel 718 were investigated experimentally to identify their transient macroscopic rapid oxidation limits. This information supplements existing published literature for operation at high temperatures for a transient period of time in oxygen rich environments. ANSYS Fluent 2020R1, and its newly included Volume of Fluid to Discrete Particle (VOF-DPM) Model, is used for CFD simulation of LOx atomisation and vaporisation. The CFD simulation technique is discussed in detail in order to allow the reader to gain knowledge into areas where computational power can be saved while still allowing assessment of trends for conducting relatively quick feasibility reviews e.g. for different chamber configurations. The CFD simulation results are compared with published experimental data and its accuracy when extended to this application is discussed. Results indicate that gasification of LOx within a compact chamber may be feasible if sufficient turbulence, resulting in longer residence times is present providing sufficient time for heat and mass transfer from the continuous phase. Simulations indicate that due to the mixing and gasification process the LOx particles within the chamber that have not entered the gaseous phase are smaller than that from pure atomisation and therefore more susceptible to gasification if injected into the main motor combustion chamber. Results hint at the potential benefit of swirl injection of hot gases to increase residence time and in turn the gasification efficiency, therefore, this is recommended for the topic of future research. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simuleringar presenteras i denna studie för superkyld flytande syreförstoftning och förgasning i en underkritisk kammare som arbetar vid SI 1 MPa. Relativt billiga simuleringstekniker har använts och deras noggrannhet utvärderats. Förgasningseffektivitet som förväntas från teorin jämförs med simuleringsresultat och fysisk begränsning utöver detta diskuteras modelleringsberäkningarna. Stötstrålar har använts inom simuleringarna med avsikt att finfördela det inkommande flytande syret, följt av injektion av varm vattenånga vinkelrätt, för att öka turbulent blandning, uppehållstid och i sin tur förväntad förgasningseffektivitet. En beräkningsenhetsanalys för uppvärmningsdynamik ingår också för att belysa begränsningar för kammargeometri som införs genom övergående gränser för snabb oxidation. 316 rostfritt stål och 3D-printad Inconel 718 undersöktes experimentellt för att identifiera deras övergående makroskopiska snabba oxidationsgränser. Denna information kompletterar befintlig publicerad litteratur för drift vid höga temperaturer under en kort tid i syrgasrika miljöer. ANSYS Fluent 2020R1, och dess nyligen inkluderade volym av vätska till diskret partikel (VOF-DPM) -modell, används för CFD-simulering av LOxatomisering och förångning. CFD-simuleringstekniken diskuteras i detalj för att göra det möjligt för läsaren att få kunskap om områden där beräkningskraft kan sparas medan man fortfarande tillåter bedömning av trender för att göra relativt snabba genomförbarhetsgranskningar, t.ex. för olika kammarkonfigurationer. CFD-simuleringsresultaten jämförs med publicerade experimentella data och dess noggrannhet när den utvidgas till denna applikation diskuteras. Resultaten indikerar att förgasning av LOx i en kompakt kammare kan vara möjlig vid tillräcklig turbulens, vilket resulterar i längre uppehållstider är närvarande som ger tillräcklig tid för värme och massöverföring från den kontinuerliga fasen. Simuleringar indikerar att på grund av blandnings- och förgasningsprocessen är LOx-partiklarna i kammaren som inte har gått in i gasfasen mindre än den från ren förgasning och därför mer mottagliga för förgasning om de injiceras i huvudmotorns förbränningskammare. Resultat antyder den potentiella fördelen med virvelinjektion av heta gaser för att öka uppehållstiden och i sin tur förgasningseffektivitet, därför rekommenderas detta för ämnet för framtida forskning.

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    Authors: Oudich, Hamza;

    Due to their large torque-speed ratio and transmission efficiency, planetary gears are widely used in the automotive industry. However, high amplitude vibrations remain their critical weakness, which limits their usage especially when new strict noise legislations come into action. A new approach to handle the instability problems of planetary gears encountered in real industrial context is presented in this work. First, the dynamic response of a planetary gear failing to pass the noise regulations is theoretically investigated through an analytical model. The equations of motion were solved using the Spectral Iterative Method. The observed experimental results correlated well with those from the developed model. In order to limit the resonance phenomena, impacts of different macro and micro-geometry modifications were analytically investigated: quadratic teeth profile, different planets positioning, different number of teeth and number of planets. Optimum modifications were retrieved and are expected to be tested experimentally on a test bench and on the truck. Finally, the analytical model’s limits and sensitivity to different parameters were investigated in order to certify its reliability, and suggestions for improvements were presented.

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    Authors: Pierre Augier; Ashwin Vishnu Mohanan; Cyrille Bonamy;

    FluidDyn is a project to foster open-science and open-source in the fluid dynamics community. It is thought of as a research project to channel open-source dynamics, methods and tools to do science. We propose a set of Python packages forming a framework to study fluid dynamics with different methods, in particular laboratory experiments (package fluidlab), simulations (packages fluidfft, fluidsim and fluidfoam) and data processing (package fluidimage). In the present article, we give an overview of the specialized packages of the project and then focus on the base package called fluiddyn, which contains common code used in the specialized packages. Packages fluidfft and fluidsim are described with greater detail in two companion papers [4, 5]. With the project FluidDyn, we demonstrate that specialized scientific code can be written with methods and good practices of the open-source community. The Mercurial repositories are available in Bitbucket (https://bitbucket.org/fluiddyn/). All codes are documented using Sphinx and Read the Docs, and tested with continuous integration run on Bitbucket Pipelines and Travis. To improve the reuse potential, the codes are as modular as possible, leveraging the simple object-oriented programming model of Python. All codes are also written to be highly efficient, using C++, Cython and Pythran to speedup the performance of critical functions. Funding statement: This project has indirectly benefited from funding from the foundation Simone et Cino Del Duca de l’Institut de France, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 647018-WATU and Euhit consortium) and the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet): 2013-5191. We have also been able to use supercomputers of CIMENT/GRICAD, CINES/GENCI (grant 2018-A0040107567) and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC).

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Wang, Linxi;

    The messaging-based conversational interfaces, commonly called Chatbots, have seen massive growth lately. With the proliferation of Chatbots, there is a growing demand for a better understanding of the design practices behind conversational user experience. This thesis looked into the design process of a Chatbot-based project built on the RCS business messaging platform, and the workflow was investigated through contextual inquiry and critical incident interview techniques. The challenges experienced by practitioners from different disciplines are detailed, with a focus on their respective work tasks and practices. De meddelandebaserade konversationsgränssnitten, vanligtvis kallade Chatbots, har sett en enorm tillväxt den senaste tiden. Med spridningen av Chatbots finns det en växande efterfrågan på en bättre förståelse för designmetoderna bakom konversationsanvändarupplevelse. Denna avhandling tittade på designprocessen för ett Chatbot-baserat projekt byggt på RCS-affärsmeddelandeplattformen, och arbetsflödet undersöktes genom kontextuell undersökning och tekniker för intervjuad kritisk incident. Utmaningarna som utövarna från olika discipliner upplever är detaljerade med fokus på sina respektive arbetsuppgifter och arbetsmetoder.

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    Authors: van Westen, Fynn;

    Intrusion detection is the most prominent topic of modern computer network security. The potential attack surface is growing exponentially every year. To cope with the amounts of data which accrue, automated methods for detecting undesired network activity are the only feasible solution. Automated intrusion detection is a difficult problem, since there is no given set of rules pointing to one factor defining suspicious activity. On top of that, these systems need to be highly performant, due to the high quantitative nature of network activity. Even a small error rate could potentially result in either, critical events slipping by the defenses or else, a flood of irrelevant events being presented for human revision, overloading the administrator’s capacities. In this Thesis, we investigated if BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) like models have the potential to improve the state-of-the-art performance for intrusion detection, based on their remarkable results achieved in the field of natural language processing. We compare three variations of the BERT language model and investigate numerous ablations. Concluding, we discovered that BERT like models are not natively suitable for log-line data. The masked language modelling (MLM) training task at the core of BERT models was identified to not be compatible in its original form with the structure of log-line data. Advantages of the undirected processing, achieved by utilizing MLM, leading to the astonishing results in NLP are not applicable to log text data. Unlike natural languages, log-line data is highly structured, with all data from a single source following the same format. Therefore, BERT can not fully utilize its context sensitivity property, like on natural language data, indicating that the random masking aspect of MLM is ill-suited for this application on the given data. A possible way of improvement could be to modify the masking process or substitute the MLM task. Intrångsdetektering är det mest prominenta ämnet inom modern datornätverkssäkerhet. Den potentiella attackytan växer exponentiellt varje år. För att hantera den mängd data som genereras är automatiserade metoder för att identifiera oönskad nätverksaktivitet den enda lösningen. Automatiserad intrångsdetektering är ett svårt problem eftersom det inte finns några övergripande regler som definierar misstänksam aktivitet. Utöver detta är prestationskraven på sådana system extremt höga på grund av den mängd aktivitetsdata som måste granskas. Även en låg felfrekvens kan betyda att systemet missar kritiska händelser, eller att den mänskliga administratören blir överbelastad med falska och irrelevanta varningar. I denna avhandling undersöker vi om BERT-baserade (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) modeller kan användas för att förbättra prestationen av intrångsdetekteringssystem, inspirerade av deras anmärkningsvärda resultat inom naturligt språk-behandling. Vi jämför tre variationer av BERTspråkmodellen och utför ablationsstudier på modellerna. Vi upptäckte att BERT-baserade modeller är inte direkt välanpassade för användning med loggdata. Den maskerat språk-modellering (masked language modelling, MLM) uppgiften som är kärnan i BERT modellerna identifierades som inkompatibel i sin basform med strukturen på loggdatan. Fördelarna med den oriktade bearbetningen som uppnås genom att använda MLM, vilka leder till de extremt starka resultaten inom naturligt språk-behandling, är inte överförbara till loggtextdata. Till skillnad från naturliga språk är loggdata kraftigt strukturerad. All data från en och samma källa följer samma format. Det betyder att BERT-modeller kan inte fullt utnyttja sin kontextkänsliga förmåga som de kan på naturligt språk-data, vilket pekar på att den stokastiska maskeringsprocessen i MLM är illa lämpad för användning på sådan data. En möjlighet för att bättre anpassa tekniken till användning på strukturerad loggdata vore att modifiera maskeringsprocessen, eller att byta ut MLMuppgiften.

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    Publikationer från KTH
    Bachelor thesis . 2022
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      Publikationer från KTH
      Bachelor thesis . 2022
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    Authors: Hedman, Molly; Lind, Hanna;

    Den psykiska ohälsan har ökat bland befolkningen i Sverige vilket förutom ett personligt lidande ger stora samhällsekonomiska konsekvenser. Orsaken till denna ökning har inget definitivt svar men kan potentiellt förklaras av makro- och socioekonomiska faktorer. Denna rapport undersöker därför om det finns ett samband mellan psykisk ohälsa och makro- och socioekonomiska faktorer. Det sker även en analys av hur dessa faktorer kan förklara ökningen av psykiska ohälsa. För att ta reda på om ett samband existerar utförs en multipel linjär regressionsanalys där den beroende variabeln definieras som svåra besvär av oro, ängslan och ångest och de förklarande variablerna utgörs av förgymnasial-, gymnasial- och eftergymnasial utbildning, BNP per capita, hushållens disponibla inkomst och arbetslöshet. Analysen delas upp i grupperna kvinnor, män och totala befolkningen där data från åren 2002-2017 används. Analysen visar på ett visst samband mellan de olika regressionsvariablerna och makro- och socioekonomiska faktorer. Totala befolkningens psykiska ohälsa har framförallt ett samband med förgymnasial utbildning. De signifikanta variablerna för kvinnors psykiska ohälsa är gymnasial utbildning, BNP per capita och disponibel inkomst. För modellen för mäns psykiska ohälsa är arbetslöshet och disponibel inkomst mest signifikanta. Modellerna har approximativt uppfyllda antaganden och multikollinearitet närvarande vilket bidrar till en bristande tillförlitlighet. Vidare forskning krävs för ytterligare validering av sambanden samt för en djupare förståelse av makro- och socioekonomiska faktorers påverkan och möjliga orsakssamband. The mental health has increased in Sweden, which besides the personal suffering affects both the society and economy. The reason behind the increase does not have any definite explanation but the answer may, at least partly, be found in macroeconomic and socioeconomic factors. This report will therefore investigate if there exists a relationship between mental health problems and macroeconomic and socioeconomic factors. An analysis of how these factors may explain the increase of mental health problems is also performed. To see if a relationship exists, a multivariable regression analysis is performed, where the dependent variable is defined as severe problems with anxiety and worry. The regression variables are education level, GDP per capita, the households disposable income and unemployment. The analysis is performed on the groups; women, men and total population and the data is collected over the years 2002 to 2017. The analysis indicates a certain relationship between the different macro and socioeconomic variables and mental health problems. For the total population, education level is the most significant. For women, education level, GDP per capita and the households disposable income are most important. For men, unemployment and disposable income are the strongest correlated variables. The models approximately fulfills the assumptions for the least square method and have multicollinearity present, which in total makes them less reliable. Further research to validate these relationships and to contribute to explanations of potential causality is needed.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Hou, Novalie; Jiang, Sofie;

    This project is a bachelor thesis and aims to study the integration of concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD) for water desalination and purification. In this report, an introduction of the need for efficient water desalination is presented. Following the introduction, relevant literature has been reviewed to build up the fundamental understanding of CPV, RO and MD. A general classification of CPV subsequently introduced. In order to acquire a more comprehensive understanding of CPVs, two case studies were performed with two different types of CPV/T. The cost efficiency of each type of CPV was analysed when integrated with RO and MD systems. The result turns out to be that it was not economically beneficial to have MD in the integrated system. The reason behind is the extensive thermal energy demand of MD. Other affecting parameters, such as location and system types were also discussed. Lastly, improvements and suggestions for further studies were considered. Detta projekt är en kandidatuppsats och syftar till att studera ett integrerande system bestående av koncentrerade solceller (CPV), omvänd osmos (RO) och membrandestillation (MD) för vattenavsaltning och rening. Rapporten börjar med en introduktion om behovet av effektiv avsaltning av vatten. Relevant litteratur har granskats för att bygga upp den grundläggande förståelsen för CPV, RO och MD. Därefter gjordes en klassificering av CPV. För att få en mer omfattande förståelse av CPV valdes två olika typer av CPV /T för en djupare undersökning. Kostnadseffektiviteten för varje CPV analyserades, när dessa var integrerade med RO- och MD-system. Resultatet visar sig att det tyvärr inte var ekonomiskt fördelaktigt att ha med MD i det integrerade systemet. Anledningen bakom detta var det omfattande termiska energibehovet för MD. Andra avgörande faktorer, såsom plats och systemtyp diskuterades tillika. Slutligen avslutades rapporten med förslag på förbättringar och områden för vidare studier.

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    Authors: Tranos, Damianos;

    We consider a class of sequential decision making problems in the presence of uncertainty, which belongs to the field of Reinforcement Learning (RL). Specifically, we study discrete Markov decision Processes (MDPs) which model a decision maker or agent that interacts with a stochastic and dynamic environment and receives feedback from it in the form of a reward. The agent seeks to maximize a notion of cumulative reward. Because the environment (both the system dynamics and reward function) is unknown, it faces an exploration-exploitation dilemma, where it must balance exploring its available actions or exploiting what it believes to be the best one. This dilemma captured by the notion of regret, which compares the rewards that the agent has accumulated thus far with those that would have been obtained by an optimal policy. The agent is then said to behave optimally, if it minimizes its regret. This thesis investigates the fundamental regret limits that can be achieved by any agent. We derive general asymptotic and problem specific regret lower bounds for the cases of ergodic and deterministic MDPs. We make these explicit for ergodic MDPs that are unstructured, for MDPs with Lipschitz transitions and rewards, as well as for deterministic MDPs that satisfy a decoupling property. Furthermore, we propose DEL, an algorithm that is valid for any ergodic MDP with any structure and whose regret upper bound matches the associated regret lower bounds, thus being truly optimal. For this algorithm, we present theoretical regret guarantees as well as a numerical demonstration that verifies its ability to exploit the underlying structure. QC 20210603

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    Authors: Evholt, David; Larsson, Oscar;

    Macroeconomic forecasting is a classic problem, today most often modeled using time series analysis. Few attempts have been made using machine learning methods, and even fewer incorporating unconventional data, such as that from social media. In this thesis, a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is used to predict U.S. unemployment, beating the ARIMA benchmark on all horizons. Furthermore, attempts at using Twitter data and the Natural Language Processing (NLP) model DistilBERT are performed. While these attempts do not beat the benchmark, they do show promising results with predictive power. The models are also tested at predicting the U.S. stock index S&P 500. For these models, the Twitter data does improve the accuracy and shows the potential of social media data when predicting a more erratic index with less seasonality that is more responsive to current trends in public discourse. The results also show that Twitter data can be used to predict trends in both unemployment and the S&P 500 index. This sets the stage for further research into NLP-GAN models for macroeconomic predictions using social media data. Makroekonomiska prognoser är sedan länge en svår utmaning. Idag löses de oftast med tidsserieanalys och få försök har gjorts med maskininlärning. I denna uppsats används ett generativt motstridande nätverk (GAN) för att förutspå amerikansk arbetslöshet, med resultat som slår samtliga riktmärken satta av en ARIMA. Ett försök görs också till att använda data från Twitter och den datorlingvistiska (NLP) modellen DistilBERT. Dessa modeller slår inte riktmärkena men visar lovande resultat. Modellerna testas vidare på det amerikanska börsindexet S&P 500. För dessa modeller förbättrade Twitterdata resultaten vilket visar på den potential data från sociala medier har när de appliceras på mer oregelbunda index, utan tydligt säsongsberoende och som är mer känsliga för trender i det offentliga samtalet. Resultaten visar på att Twitterdata kan användas för att hitta trender i både amerikansk arbetslöshet och S&P 500 indexet. Detta lägger grunden för fortsatt forskning inom NLP-GAN modeller för makroekonomiska prognoser baserade på data från sociala medier.

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    Authors: Fan, Lizhou;

    Artificial photosynthesis provides a promising strategy for sustainable energy harvesting, yet its overall efficiency is limited by the water oxidation reaction. The subject of this thesis focuses on the exploration of highly efficient cost-effective heterogeneous catalysts for water oxidation, and the investigation of essential catalyst structure-activity relationships. Chapters 1 and 2 present a brief introduction on heterogeneous catalysts for water oxidation, including selected state-of-the-art catalysts, methodologies for activity improvement, and mechanistic investigations. The characterization methods used in this thesis are also demonstrated. In chapter 3, a molecular functionalization approach is developed to rationally modify the electronic structure of NiO catalyst, by which the water oxidation activity is systematically tailored. These studies correspond to the question: “How to rationally adjust the catalytic performance of heterogeneous catalysts?” In chapter 4, to lower the catalyst cost, a Fe-based Fe0.65Cr0.35Ox nanocatalyst is fabricated by structural and electronic modulation, which shows considerable water oxidation activity. These studies target the question: “How to fabricate an efficient Fe-based water oxidation catalyst?” In chapter 5, a bio-inspired Mn-based catalyst is presented. The catalyst successfully imitates the key features of the natural oxygen evolving complex, achieving dramatically improved water oxidation activity. These studies correspond to the question: “How to improve the catalytic activity of Mn-based water oxidation catalysts?” Finally, in chapter 6, a 3D NiFeCr/Cu nanoarray electrode is constructed by structural engineering, which exhibits extremely high water oxidation activity. These studies correspond to the question: “How to fabricate an efficient catalytic electrode for water oxidation?” Artificiell fotosyntes erbjuder en lovande strategi för den hållbara energiomvandlingen, men dess totala effektivitet begränsas av vattenoxidationsreaktionen. Den här avhandlingen behandlar utvecklingen av aktiva och kostnadseffektiva heterogena katalysatorer för vattenoxidation och utforskning av de väsentliga struktur-aktivitetsförhållandena. Kapitlen 1 och 2 omfattar en kort introduktion till de heterogena katalysatorerna för vattenoxidation, inklusive de utvalda toppmoderna katalysatorerna, metoder för aktivitetsförbättring och mekanistiska undersökningar. Karakteriseringsmetoderna som används i denna avhandling demonstreras också. I kapitel 3, en molekylär funktionaliseringsmetod utvecklas för att rationellt modulera den elektroniska strukturen av NiO-katalysator, genom vilken vattenoxidationsaktiviteten systematiskt anpassas. Dessa studier motsvarar frågan: “Hur kan man rationellt anpassa den katalytiska prestanda hos heterogena katalysatorer?” I kapitel 4, för att sänka katalysatorkostnaden, en Fe-baserad Fe0.65Cr0.35Ox nanokatalysator tillverkas genom strukturell och elektronisk modulering och utför betydande vattenoxidationsaktivitet. Dessa studier riktar sig till frågan: “Hur man tillverkar en effektiv Fe-rik vattenoxidationskatalysator?” I kapitel 5, en bioinspirerad Mn-baserad katalysator presenteras. Den utvecklade katalysatorn imiterar framgångsrikt nyckelfunktionerna av det naturliga syreutvecklande komplexet och uppnår dramatiskt förbättrad vattenoxidationsaktivitet. Dessa studier motsvarar frågan: “Hur kan man förbättra den katalytiska aktiviteten hos Mn-baserad vattenoxidationskatalysator?” Till sist, i kapitel 6 beskrivs konstruktionen utav en 3D NiFeCr/Cu NA (nanoarray) elektrod som uppvisar extremt hög vattenoxidation aktivitet. Dessa studier motsvarar frågan: “Hur kan man tillverka en effektiv katalytisk elektrod för vattenoxidation?” QC 2020-09-07

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    Authors: Bernus, Borbala;

    Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are presented within this study for super-cooled liquid oxygen atomisation and gasification in a subcritical chamber operating at 1MPa. Relatively low cost simulation techniques have been used and their accuracy evaluated. Gasification efficiency expected from theory is compared with simulation results and physical limitation in addition to modelling limitations are discussed. Impinging jets have been used within the simulations with the intent of atomising the incoming liquid oxygen, followed by injection of hot water vapour perpendicularly, to increase turbulent mixing, residence time and in turn expected gasification efficiency. A computational fluid dynamics heating analysis is also included in order to highlight constraints on the chamber geometry imposed by transient rapid oxidation material limits. 316 stainless steel and 3D printed Inconel 718 were investigated experimentally to identify their transient macroscopic rapid oxidation limits. This information supplements existing published literature for operation at high temperatures for a transient period of time in oxygen rich environments. ANSYS Fluent 2020R1, and its newly included Volume of Fluid to Discrete Particle (VOF-DPM) Model, is used for CFD simulation of LOx atomisation and vaporisation. The CFD simulation technique is discussed in detail in order to allow the reader to gain knowledge into areas where computational power can be saved while still allowing assessment of trends for conducting relatively quick feasibility reviews e.g. for different chamber configurations. The CFD simulation results are compared with published experimental data and its accuracy when extended to this application is discussed. Results indicate that gasification of LOx within a compact chamber may be feasible if sufficient turbulence, resulting in longer residence times is present providing sufficient time for heat and mass transfer from the continuous phase. Simulations indicate that due to the mixing and gasification process the LOx particles within the chamber that have not entered the gaseous phase are smaller than that from pure atomisation and therefore more susceptible to gasification if injected into the main motor combustion chamber. Results hint at the potential benefit of swirl injection of hot gases to increase residence time and in turn the gasification efficiency, therefore, this is recommended for the topic of future research. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simuleringar presenteras i denna studie för superkyld flytande syreförstoftning och förgasning i en underkritisk kammare som arbetar vid SI 1 MPa. Relativt billiga simuleringstekniker har använts och deras noggrannhet utvärderats. Förgasningseffektivitet som förväntas från teorin jämförs med simuleringsresultat och fysisk begränsning utöver detta diskuteras modelleringsberäkningarna. Stötstrålar har använts inom simuleringarna med avsikt att finfördela det inkommande flytande syret, följt av injektion av varm vattenånga vinkelrätt, för att öka turbulent blandning, uppehållstid och i sin tur förväntad förgasningseffektivitet. En beräkningsenhetsanalys för uppvärmningsdynamik ingår också för att belysa begränsningar för kammargeometri som införs genom övergående gränser för snabb oxidation. 316 rostfritt stål och 3D-printad Inconel 718 undersöktes experimentellt för att identifiera deras övergående makroskopiska snabba oxidationsgränser. Denna information kompletterar befintlig publicerad litteratur för drift vid höga temperaturer under en kort tid i syrgasrika miljöer. ANSYS Fluent 2020R1, och dess nyligen inkluderade volym av vätska till diskret partikel (VOF-DPM) -modell, används för CFD-simulering av LOxatomisering och förångning. CFD-simuleringstekniken diskuteras i detalj för att göra det möjligt för läsaren att få kunskap om områden där beräkningskraft kan sparas medan man fortfarande tillåter bedömning av trender för att göra relativt snabba genomförbarhetsgranskningar, t.ex. för olika kammarkonfigurationer. CFD-simuleringsresultaten jämförs med publicerade experimentella data och dess noggrannhet när den utvidgas till denna applikation diskuteras. Resultaten indikerar att förgasning av LOx i en kompakt kammare kan vara möjlig vid tillräcklig turbulens, vilket resulterar i längre uppehållstider är närvarande som ger tillräcklig tid för värme och massöverföring från den kontinuerliga fasen. Simuleringar indikerar att på grund av blandnings- och förgasningsprocessen är LOx-partiklarna i kammaren som inte har gått in i gasfasen mindre än den från ren förgasning och därför mer mottagliga för förgasning om de injiceras i huvudmotorns förbränningskammare. Resultat antyder den potentiella fördelen med virvelinjektion av heta gaser för att öka uppehållstiden och i sin tur förgasningseffektivitet, därför rekommenderas detta för ämnet för framtida forskning.

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    Authors: Oudich, Hamza;

    Due to their large torque-speed ratio and transmission efficiency, planetary gears are widely used in the automotive industry. However, high amplitude vibrations remain their critical weakness, which limits their usage especially when new strict noise legislations come into action. A new approach to handle the instability problems of planetary gears encountered in real industrial context is presented in this work. First, the dynamic response of a planetary gear failing to pass the noise regulations is theoretically investigated through an analytical model. The equations of motion were solved using the Spectral Iterative Method. The observed experimental results correlated well with those from the developed model. In order to limit the resonance phenomena, impacts of different macro and micro-geometry modifications were analytically investigated: quadratic teeth profile, different planets positioning, different number of teeth and number of planets. Optimum modifications were retrieved and are expected to be tested experimentally on a test bench and on the truck. Finally, the analytical model’s limits and sensitivity to different parameters were investigated in order to certify its reliability, and suggestions for improvements were presented.

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    Authors: Pierre Augier; Ashwin Vishnu Mohanan; Cyrille Bonamy;

    FluidDyn is a project to foster open-science and open-source in the fluid dynamics community. It is thought of as a research project to channel open-source dynamics, methods and tools to do science. We propose a set of Python packages forming a framework to study fluid dynamics with different methods, in particular laboratory experiments (package fluidlab), simulations (packages fluidfft, fluidsim and fluidfoam) and data processing (package fluidimage). In the present article, we give an overview of the specialized packages of the project and then focus on the base package called fluiddyn, which contains common code used in the specialized packages. Packages fluidfft and fluidsim are described with greater detail in two companion papers [4, 5]. With the project FluidDyn, we demonstrate that specialized scientific code can be written with methods and good practices of the open-source community. The Mercurial repositories are available in Bitbucket (https://bitbucket.org/fluiddyn/). All codes are documented using Sphinx and Read the Docs, and tested with continuous integration run on Bitbucket Pipelines and Travis. To improve the reuse potential, the codes are as modular as possible, leveraging the simple object-oriented programming model of Python. All codes are also written to be highly efficient, using C++, Cython and Pythran to speedup the performance of critical functions. Funding statement: This project has indirectly benefited from funding from the foundation Simone et Cino Del Duca de l’Institut de France, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 647018-WATU and Euhit consortium) and the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet): 2013-5191. We have also been able to use supercomputers of CIMENT/GRICAD, CINES/GENCI (grant 2018-A0040107567) and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC).

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    Authors: Wang, Linxi;

    The messaging-based conversational interfaces, commonly called Chatbots, have seen massive growth lately. With the proliferation of Chatbots, there is a growing demand for a better understanding of the design practices behind conversational user experience. This thesis looked into the design process of a Chatbot-based project built on the RCS business messaging platform, and the workflow was investigated through contextual inquiry and critical incident interview techniques. The challenges experienced by practitioners from different disciplines are detailed, with a focus on their respective work tasks and practices. De meddelandebaserade konversationsgränssnitten, vanligtvis kallade Chatbots, har sett en enorm tillväxt den senaste tiden. Med spridningen av Chatbots finns det en växande efterfrågan på en bättre förståelse för designmetoderna bakom konversationsanvändarupplevelse. Denna avhandling tittade på designprocessen för ett Chatbot-baserat projekt byggt på RCS-affärsmeddelandeplattformen, och arbetsflödet undersöktes genom kontextuell undersökning och tekniker för intervjuad kritisk incident. Utmaningarna som utövarna från olika discipliner upplever är detaljerade med fokus på sina respektive arbetsuppgifter och arbetsmetoder.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från K...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: van Westen, Fynn;

    Intrusion detection is the most prominent topic of modern computer network security. The potential attack surface is growing exponentially every year. To cope with the amounts of data which accrue, automated methods for detecting undesired network activity are the only feasible solution. Automated intrusion detection is a difficult problem, since there is no given set of rules pointing to one factor defining suspicious activity. On top of that, these systems need to be highly performant, due to the high quantitative nature of network activity. Even a small error rate could potentially result in either, critical events slipping by the defenses or else, a flood of irrelevant events being presented for human revision, overloading the administrator’s capacities. In this Thesis, we investigated if BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) like models have the potential to improve the state-of-the-art performance for intrusion detection, based on their remarkable results achieved in the field of natural language processing. We compare three variations of the BERT language model and investigate numerous ablations. Concluding, we discovered that BERT like models are not natively suitable for log-line data. The masked language modelling (MLM) training task at the core of BERT models was identified to not be compatible in its original form with the structure of log-line data. Advantages of the undirected processing, achieved by utilizing MLM, leading to the astonishing results in NLP are not applicable to log text data. Unlike natural languages, log-line data is highly structured, with all data from a single source following the same format. Therefore, BERT can not fully utilize its context sensitivity property, like on natural language data, indicating that the random masking aspect of MLM is ill-suited for this application on the given data. A possible way of improvement could be to modify the masking process or substitute the MLM task. Intrångsdetektering är det mest prominenta ämnet inom modern datornätverkssäkerhet. Den potentiella attackytan växer exponentiellt varje år. För att hantera den mängd data som genereras är automatiserade metoder för att identifiera oönskad nätverksaktivitet den enda lösningen. Automatiserad intrångsdetektering är ett svårt problem eftersom det inte finns några övergripande regler som definierar misstänksam aktivitet. Utöver detta är prestationskraven på sådana system extremt höga på grund av den mängd aktivitetsdata som måste granskas. Även en låg felfrekvens kan betyda att systemet missar kritiska händelser, eller att den mänskliga administratören blir överbelastad med falska och irrelevanta varningar. I denna avhandling undersöker vi om BERT-baserade (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) modeller kan användas för att förbättra prestationen av intrångsdetekteringssystem, inspirerade av deras anmärkningsvärda resultat inom naturligt språk-behandling. Vi jämför tre variationer av BERTspråkmodellen och utför ablationsstudier på modellerna. Vi upptäckte att BERT-baserade modeller är inte direkt välanpassade för användning med loggdata. Den maskerat språk-modellering (masked language modelling, MLM) uppgiften som är kärnan i BERT modellerna identifierades som inkompatibel i sin basform med strukturen på loggdatan. Fördelarna med den oriktade bearbetningen som uppnås genom att använda MLM, vilka leder till de extremt starka resultaten inom naturligt språk-behandling, är inte överförbara till loggtextdata. Till skillnad från naturliga språk är loggdata kraftigt strukturerad. All data från en och samma källa följer samma format. Det betyder att BERT-modeller kan inte fullt utnyttja sin kontextkänsliga förmåga som de kan på naturligt språk-data, vilket pekar på att den stokastiska maskeringsprocessen i MLM är illa lämpad för användning på sådan data. En möjlighet för att bättre anpassa tekniken till användning på strukturerad loggdata vore att modifiera maskeringsprocessen, eller att byta ut MLMuppgiften.

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