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Power grids, road maps, and river streams are examples of infrastructural networks which are highly vulnerable to external perturbations. An abrupt local change of load (voltage, traffic density, or water level) might propagate in a cascading way and affect a significant fraction of the network. Almost discontinuous perturbations can be modeled by shock waves which can eventually interfere constructively and endanger the normal functionality of the infrastructure. We study their dynamics by solving the Burgers equation under random perturbations on several real and artificial directed graphs. Even for graphs with a narrow distribution of node properties (e.g., degree or betweenness), a steady state is reached exhibiting a heterogeneous load distribution, having a difference of one order of magnitude between the highest and average loads. Unexpectedly we find for the European power grid and for finite Watts-Strogatz networks a broad pronounced bimodal distribution for the loads. To identify the most vulnerable nodes, we introduce the concept of node-basin size, a purely topological property which we show to be strongly correlated to the average load of a node. Scientific Reports, 4 ISSN:2045-2322

We examined vowel-initial irregular phonation in real words as a function of vowel quality, backness and height, and speech rate in Hungarian. We analyzed two types of irregular phonation: glottalization and glottal stop. We found that open vowels elicited more irregular phonation than mid and close ones, but we found no effect of the backness. The frequency of irregular phonation was lower in fast than in slow speech. Inconsistently with the claims of earlier studies, the relative frequency of glottalization to glottal stops was not influenced by speech rate in general. However, while /i/ was produced with a relatively higher ratio of glottal stops in fast speech, the open vowels showed the widely documented tendency of being realized with relatively less glottal stops under the same conditions.

Contribution à l’étude de la bibliothèque de Balthasar (IIIe) Batthyány. Factures, acquéreurs et ouvrages récemment identifiés Balthasar Batthyány, l’un des aristocrates les plus cultivés de son époque, était un collectionneur passionné de livres. Béla Iványi fut le premier à étudier systématiquement l’activité de collectionneur de Batthyány et à établir la liste de ses livres. Dans leur Balthasar Batthyány und seine Bibliothek, paru en 2004, István Monok, Péter Ötvös et Edina Zvara ont reconstruit, sur la base de quelques lettres et factures conservées aux Archives Nationales (P 1314), la partie prépondérante de la bibliothèque. 670 volumes ont été identifiés jusqu’à aujourd’hui, mais la liste peut être élargie, en s’appuyant sur quelques nouvelles informations fournies par les lettres et les factures étudiées, en corrigeant quelques fautes de lecture héritées d’Iványi et enfin en se servant de quelques récentes bases de données informatiques. Au total, j’ai réussi á identifier 24 ouvrages supplémentaires de la collection. Il ressort des lettres étudiées que Batthyány avait recours à des méthodes très variées pour acquérir de nouveaux ouvrages et que dans ses efforts, il avait été assisté de nombreux humanistes, scientifiques et vassaux. Magyar Könyvszemle, Évf. 134 szám 3 (2018): Magyar Könyvszemle