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site Délinquance, justice et autres questions de société; Punir, une passion contemporaine ? 24032017 Dans son nouvel ouvrage, Punir. Une passion contemporaine, Didier Fassin nous invite à une réflexion sur les fondements du châtiment et ses usages dans nos sociétés contemporaines. Le sociologue appréhende les approches philosophiques et juridiques de la peine à partir d'une double démarche généalogique et ethnographique, ce qui lui permet de rendre compte tant des assises des institutions répressives que de leurs enjeux concrets. Son essai de théorie critique repose sur un important matériau empirique composé des travaux que l'auteur a menés pendant dix ans sur la police, la justice et la prison, ainsi que les travaux étrangers, américains notamment. De la sorte, Didier Fassin peut rendre compte des processus de construction de l'automatisme du lien entre le châtiment et l'infraction et son ancrage dans nos moeurs sociales et juridiques. En effet, le châtiment apparait être une réponse obligatoire évidente à la commission d'une infraction alors que c'est loin d'être le cas. D'une part, toutes les violations des normes édictées ne sont pas sanctionnées d'une peine, d'autre part les peines ne frappent pas nécessairement une infraction avérée. C'est pourquoi, l'auteur articule sa démonstration autour de trois interrogations : qu'est-ce que punir ? pourquoi punit-on ? qui punit-on ? Sur le premier point, qu'est-ce que punir, objet du premier chapitre, Didier Fassin rappelle entre autres que le philosophe et juriste Hart a montré dans ses Prolégomènes aux principes du châtiment que celui-ci tendait à infliger une souffrance à celui qui le subit. En revanche, Nietzsche, dans sa Généalogie de la morale, remet en cause cette évidence en montrant qu'il s'agit plutôt d'une dette non honorée par celui qui, de ce fait, doit être puni. Puis, sous l'influence de la religion chrétienne, on a abandonné l'idée de réparation au profit de l'idée de faute. Et, selon le christianisme, la souffrance permet de racheter la faute commise. Paradoxalement, dans la voie ouverte par les Lumières, la prison, autrefois hébergée dans des abbayes et monastères, est apparue comme la marque et le résultat d'une humanisation du châtiment. Sur le second point, pourquoi punir, objet du deuxième chapitre, deux conceptions ont marqué les époques. La conception utilitariste portée par Bentham dans son Introduction aux principes de morale et de législation et plutôt en vogue lorsque les idées progressistes dominent l'espace public justifie le châtiment par la nécessité de préserver l'auteur de la faute de lui-même et-l'ordre public des désordres produits. Neutralisation et dissuasion deviennent les finalités du châtiment. Le rétributisme, qui monopolise le débat lorsque celui-ci est dominé par des idées conservatrices, implique qu'au mal causé par l'infraction corresponde un mal équivalent au niveau de la peine. Sur le troisième point, qui punit-on, objet du troisième et dernier chapitre, les théories juridiques et philosophiques qui justifient le châtiment et le présentent comme impartial et juste occultent la question de la distribution des peines, laquelle est inégalitaire. A cet égard, l'auteur montre essentiellement à partir de ses propres constatations empiriques, que les institutions répressives utilisent davantage certaines incriminations que d'autres : par exemple les vols, les usages de stupéfiants sont plus fréquemment mobilisés que les infractions économiques et financières. De ce fait, les cibles de la répression sont avant tout les populations les plus fragiles socialement que la police a sélectionnées en amont : nombre de recherches soulignent que les forces de l'ordre contrôlent plus facilement les jeunes dans les cités que les étudiants devant les facultés. D'autant que les populations prises dans les arcanes de la chaîne pénale ne disposent pas d'un capital social et financier suffisant pour bénéficier des mesures destinées à désengorger les prisons : transaction, libération conditionnelle etc. Les établissements pénitentiaires-l'histoire montre que ce sont actuellement les plus peuplés en temps de paix-concentrent de la sorte les franges les plus démunies de la population. Surtout que, par delà les discours, la peine de prison est plus souvent prononcée que d'autres mesures telle que le travail d'intérêt général, sa durée augmentée. Même si elle se révèle inefficace : la privation de liberté ne permet pas d'éviter la récidive, elle produit de la violence, elle ne facilite pas la réinsertion sociale, elle est onéreuse qui plus est. Elle ne sert donc à

The works focus on the identification of industrial robots that belongs to the field of the identification of continuous-time inverse dynamic models in closed loop. First, a generic instrumental approach relevant for the identification of rigid industrial robots is proposed. The set of instruments is the inverse dynamic model constructed from simulated data calculated from the simulation of the direct dynamic model. This algorithm termed the IDIM-IV method validates the inverse and direct dynamic models simultaneously, improves the noise immunity of estimates with respect to corrupted data in the observation matrix and has a rapid convergence. This new approach is experimentally validated and compared with other standard methods. Then, a statistical test able to assess the validity of the set of instruments as well as the consistency of the least-squares estimates is presented. This test is based on the use of the Two-Stage-Least-Squares method and the regressed Durbin-Wu-Hausman test that are commonly used in econometrics. Finally, the perspectives that the IDIM-IV method can offer to the communities of robotics and automatic control are enlightened Ce manuscrit résume les travaux menés sur l'identification des robots industriels conduits à l'ONERA. Dans le premier chapitre, les méthodes usuelles de modélisation et d'identification appliquées aux robots industriels rigides sont présentées. Le deuxième chapitre introduit une nouvelle méthode d'identification basée sur l'utilisation des variables instrumentales alors que le troisième chapitre présente un test statistique capable de valider la construction des instruments. Enfin, dans un quatrième chapitre, les perspectives offerts par ces nouvelles méthodes sont introduites.

This article attempts to present the accounting aspect of spending commitments either signed for or immediately fulfilled by budget organizations. These are analysed in the context of changes in the normative base at the beginning of 2014. The author places emphasis on the practical and applied aspects of reporting mechanisms implemented by budget organizations, while at the same time presenting several general cases in the practice.

Ovarian cancer's prognosis remains dire after primary therapy. Recurrence rate is disappointingly high as 60% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer considered in remission will develop recurrent disease within 5 years. Special attention to undetected peritoneal metastasis during surgery is necessary as they are the main predictive factors of recurrences. Folate Receptor α (FRα) shows promising prospects in targeting ovarian cancerous cells and intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be a solution in addition to macroscopic cytoreductive surgery to treat peritoneal micrometastasis. The aim of this preclinical study is to assess the specificity of a folate-targeted photosensitizer for ovarian peritoneal micrometastasis.We used the NuTu-19 epithelial ovarian cancer cell line to induce peritoneal carcinomatosis in female Fischer 344 rats. Three groups of 6 rats were studied (Control (no photosensitizer)/Non-conjugated photosensitizer (Porph)/Folate-conjugated photosensitizer (Porph-s-FA)). Four hours after the administration of the photosensitizer, animals were sacrificed and intraperitoneal organs tissues were sampled. FRα tissue expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Tissue incorporation of photosensitizers was assessed by confocal microscopy and tissue quantification.FRα is overexpressed in tumor, ovary, and liver whereas, peritoneum, colon, small intestine, and kidney do not express it. Cytoplasmic red endocytosis vesicles observed by confocal microscopy are well correlated to FRα tissue expression. Photosensitizer tissue quantification shows a mean tumor-to-normal tissue ratio of 9.6.We demonstrated that this new generation folate-targeted photosensitizer is specific of epithelial ovarian peritoneal metastasis and may allow the development of efficient and safe intraperitoneal PDT procedure.

Merk: Følgende artikkel ble utgitt før tidsskriftet gikk over til åpen digital publisering. Vedlagte PDF er hentet fra trykt utgave, se egen informasjon om opphavsrett på artikkelen. Bakgrunn: Grunnet økende fedme i befolkningen, vil en større andel av pasienter i generell anestesi være pasienter med fedme. Generell anestesi og mekanisk ventilering fører til at omtrent 90 % utvikler atelektaser. Pasienter med fedme får atelektaser tidligere og i større grad enn den normalvektige, dette kan vise seg som redusert gassutveksling og hypoksi peroperativt. Dette øker risikoen for postoperative lungekomplikasjoner. Nyere forskningslitteratur anbefaler bruk av ventileringsstrategiene høyt positivt endeekspiratorisk trykk (PEEP) og lungerekruttering (LR) for å begrense utviklingen av atelektaser hos denne pasientgruppen. Vi vet imidlertid lite om hvordan bruken av disse ventileringsstrategiene er blant anestesisykepleiere i Norge. Hensikt: Å undersøke hvilke aspekter som påvirker anestesisykepleierens bruk av høy PEEP og LR peroperativt til pasienter med fedme i generell anestesi. Metode: Studien har et kvalitativt design. Det ble gjennomført individuelle, semistrukturerte intervju med 15 anestesisykepleiere fra to sykehus. Datamaterialet ble analysert ved hjelp av Graneheim og Lundmans kvalitative innholdsanalyse. Resultat: Studien viser at opplevelse av egen trygghet i yrkesutøvelsen samt kulturelle og organisatoriske forhold påvirker anestesisykepleierens bruk av høy PEEP og LR. Anestesisykepleierne har varierende mengdetrening i bruk av høy PEEP og LR. Andre og mer kjente strategier prioriteres ofte først hos de med lite mengdetrening. Samarbeidet med legene synes å være bra og i liten grad en hemmende faktor. Alle informantene mener bruk av høy PEEP og LR er en oppgave for anestesisykepleier hos pasienter klassifisert i ASA 1 eller ASA 2, men peker på at det mangler fagprosedyre/retningslinje knyttet til anvendelse av høy PEEP og LR. Konklusjon: Studien viser at både individuelle, kulturelle og organisatoriske aspekter påvirker anestesisykepleiernes bruk av høy PEEP og LR hos pasienter med fedme i generell anestesi. Alt tatt i betraktning kan det å sette ventileringsstrategiene på dagsorden føre til en økt bevissthet om bruken som igjen kan føre til utvidet bruk av ventileringsstrategiene.

Fabaceae is the second most speciose plant family in the Core Cape Subregion (CCR) of South Africa, a Mediterranean type ecosystem, with mostly nutrient-poor soils. A majority of the legumes occurring in this region belong to the predominantly nitrogen-fixing subfamily Papilionoideae and they employ a variety of strategies for nutrient acquisition. However, legumes are neither uniformly nor randomly distributed in the CCR landscape. Instead, distinct legume species assemblages tend to occupy particular habitats within the landscape. The drivers of this distribution pattern are yet to be determined. In this thesis, it was hypothesized that edaphic factors (soil chemical and physical characteristics) and the distribution of rhizobia have influenced legume distributions in the CCR landscape. The influence of edaphic factors on the distribution of legume species assemblages in the Cape Peninsula (a microcosm of the CCR) is the subject of the second chapter of the thesis. It was hypothesized that the composition of legume species assemblages is correlated with soil physical and chemical properties and that the interaction of Phosphorus (P) and the three cations that often bind P, i.e. Aluminium, Calcium and Iron, making it unavailable to plants, drive legume species assemblages in the landscape. Soils from 27 legume sites, spanning all major soil types of the Cape Peninsula, were analysed for 31 chemical and physical properties. Surveys of legume species present at each site were conducted to generate a presence/absence matrix. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to test for a correlation between legume species composition and edaphic factors. The strength of the association between legume species composition and site groupings based on edaphic properties was assessed using indicator species analysis. A significant correlation between edaphic factors and species composition was found and the key edaphic parameters driving the relationship were clay content, iron (Fe), potassium (K), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn). Indicator species, characteristic of the various edaphic habitats were also identified. These findings indicate that distinct edaphic habitats are occupied by discrete legume species assemblages, implying a significant influence of edaphic factors on the legume distributions. Chapter three of the thesis sought to determine if the ecological parameters; altitude, pH and soil type influence the distribution of the two main rhizobial genera (Burkholderia and Mesorhizobium) that nodulate various legumes of the CCR, and to determine the diversity and phylogenetic position of rhizobia that associate with the narrowly distributed and rare Indigofera superba in the CCR. The first objective was pursued through molecular characterisation of rhizobial strains isolated from nodules of legume species collected in the field across the Cape Peninsula. DNA sequences for 16S rRNA, recA and nodA were combined with data from a previous study that sampled broadly within the CCR and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Tests for phylogenetic signals for the three ecological parameters were conducted, using the D statistic for soil type and Pagel’s λ for altitude and pH. These analyses were used to test the hypothesis that closely related species occupy similar habitats with respect to each of the three ecological parameters. For the study of rhizobial symbionts of Indigofera superba, field nodules were sampled from multiple populations across its distribution range and a phylogeny of its symbionts was reconstructed in a matrix that included symbionts of diverse legumes from different habitats within the CCR. The results showed that Burkholderia is restricted to acidic habitats, while Mesorhizobium occurs in both acidic and alkaline habitats. Additionally, both rhizobial genera showed significant phylogenetic clustering for pH and most soil types. However, none of the genera showed a phylogenetic structure with respect to altitude. These findings indicate that pH and soil type influence the distribution of rhizobia in the CCR. Implications of these findings for the distribution of legumes in the landscape are discussed. For the narrowly distributed I. superba, the results showed that it associates with diverse strains within the genus Burkholderia and such strains are not phylogenetically distinct from strains isolated from localities outside its distribution range. These findings lead to the hypothesis that I. superba does not exhibit rhizobia specificity at the intrageneric level. Testing of this hypothesis through analysis of its nodulation capability on soils from outside its distribution range is recommended. The fourth chapter of the thesis determined the extent of horizontal gene transfer among rhizobial genera in the Core Cape Subregion (CCR) of South Africa and reconstructed the ancestral symbionts of the legumes. Phylogenies of two chromosomal genes (16S rRNA and recA) and one nodulation gene (nodA) of rhizobia, isolated from diverse legumes in the CCR, were reconstructed using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood techniques. A cophylogenetic analysis was used to test for congruence between the chromosomal and the nodA phylogenies. Five genera of rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium, Burkholderia, Ensifer, Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium) were studied. A phylogeny of the legumes was reconstructed from matK and rbcL DNA sequences and it was used to reconstruct their ancestral rhizobia, using Bayesian methods. The chromosomal phylogeny of the rhizobia was mostly incongruent with that of nodA, indicating potential horizontal inheritance of the latter. The nodA genes of Burkholderia, Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium had different evolutionary histories from their counterparts in other parts of the globe. Burkholderia was reconstructed as the ancestral symbionts of the CCR legumes. Evidence of co-diversification between the legumes and their symbionts was observed and this highlights a potential role of the legume-rhizobia interaction to the high diversity of legumes in the CCR. Finally, the availability of compatible rhizobia and their competitive ability are discussed as possible drivers for the lack of shared legumes between the CCR’s Fynbos biome and the Kwongan of Australia. Overall, the study shows that edaphic factors and biotic interactions (rhizobia) have significant influence on the distribution of legumes in the Cape Peninsula and the larger Core Cape Subregion of southern Africa. These findings are consistent with the theory that edaphic factors and biotic interactions have a strong influence on species distributions at local and site spatial scales.

The current development of biodiversity indicators adopted as common in the North East Atlantic (Under OSPAR Regional Sea Convention) is missing some elements necessary for their application as food-web indicators. The Mean Trophic Level (MTL) indicator is based on species biomass and their trophic level (TL). These metrics are commonly used in the food-web holistic approach of interactions in an ecosystem. Species TL, giving the position of an organism in the food web, is influenced by spatiotemporal variability and ontogeny of species. MTL is also shaped by the species biomasses and their data source (i.e. landings or survey data). The aim of the present study was to propose a methodology (1) considering a better regionalisation of the indicator (i.e. using local TL estimations and ecosystem survey data), (2) looking at the MTL sensitivity regarding ecosystem species and compartments and (3) discussing the food web approach of the indicator. Different scenarios were thus tested on MTL indicator with EVHOE survey data (i) using various data sources of TL and (ii) applying several cut-offs to focus on different compartments in the ecosystem. Species influence on each scenario was also investigated. Two species were found to be highly influencing the MTL indicator trend. Capros aper, a low TL species catching the bottom up effect in the food-web, was strongly acting on MTL when considering all species in the ecosystem. Meanwhile, Merluccius merluccius was driving the indicator when low trophic level species were cut-off. This high predator reflected more the top down effect on the ecosystem. This work concluded the need to assess the MTL indicator using three TL cut-offs (TL= 2, 3.25 and 4) to capture a holistic view of changes in the ecosystem. Furthermore, scientific surveys and local estimations of TL are crucial in order to reduce uncertainty around the MTL estimation.

European Landscapes in Transition, Implications for Policy and Practice. Studies in Landscape Ecology / Pinto-Correia, T., Primdahl, J. & Pedroli, B. - Cambridge University Press : Cambridge. 2018.ISBN 978-1-107-07069-1.; The three authors of this book, Teresa Pinto-Correia, Jørden Primdahl and Bas Pedroli, all teach courses linked to land planning and management at the Universities of Évora, Copenhagen and Wageningen. In this book they present an overview of the past changes in the landscapes of Europe, and how they see the future management of these landscapes.

In this paper we introduce some new results concerning the maximum principles for second order linear elliptic partial differential equations defined on a noncompact Riemannian manifold. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 35B50, 35L15.