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We owe a debt of gratitude to our Ethiopian colleagues and field assistants who have participated in ETAP research at Mezber since 2007. In particular, we acknowledge Medhin Abate, the owner of the land upon which Mezber sits, and our many excavation assistants from the villages surrounding the site. We are grateful to Shannon Wood who completed site mapping, figures and participated in excavations, and Pamela Wadge who conducted flotation and preliminary archaeobotanical studies. Tesfay Gebremariam provided assistance with flotation. We thank Michael Tofollo for completing an initial analysis of Mezber phytoliths. Additional Mezber team members included Helina Woldekiros, Lynn Welton, Stephen Batuik, Steven Brandt, Andrea Manzo, Laurie Nixon-Darcus, Elizabeth Peterson, Michela Gaudiello, Aman Mohammed, Hagos Hailat and Stefano Biagetti. We thank the Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) and the Tigrai Bureau of Culture and Tourism (TBCT) for permission to excavate at Mezber, especially Kebede Amare and Dr. Yonas Beyene. We greatly appreciate the participation of ARCCH and TBCT Representatives including Habtamu Mekonnen, Abebe Mengistu, Endashash Awate and Giday Gebregziabhir. ETAP archaeobotanical investigations at Mezber were financially supported by two major grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), including Standard Research Grants 410-2007-2472 and 410-2011-1646. Further support was obtained from a SSHRC/SFU Institutional Grant from Simon Fraser University. The work of CL and ARG was supported by the "RAINDROPS" Project, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 framework (ERC-Stg 759800). This repository contains the results datasets of the article Pre-Aksumite Plant Husbandry in the Horn of Africa published by the journal Vegetation History and Archaeobotany.

Understanding the causes and consequences of population phenotypic divergence is a central goal in ecology and evolution. Phenotypic divergence among populations can result from genetic divergence, phenotypic plasticity or a combination of the two. However, few studies have deciphered these mechanisms for populations geographically close and connected by gene flow, especially in the case of personality traits. In this study, we used a common garden experiment to explore the genetic basis of the phenotypic divergence observed between two blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) populations inhabiting contrasting habitats separated by 25 km, for two personality traits (exploration speed and handling aggression), one physiological trait (heart rate during restraint) and two morphological traits (tarsus length and body mass). Blue tit nestlings were removed from their population and raised in a common garden for up to five years. We then compared adult phenotypes between the two populations, as well as trait-specific Qst and Fst . Our results revealed differences between populations similar to those found in the wild, suggesting a genetic divergence for all traits. Qst - Fst comparisons revealed that the traits divergences likely result from dissimilar selection patterns rather than from genetic drift. Our study is one of the first to report a Qst - Fst comparison for personality traits and adds to the growing body of evidence that population genetic divergence is possible at a small scale for a variety of traits including behavioural traits. Data filesArchive.zip

Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.

Additional file 14.

Changes in ocean ventilation driven by climate change result in loss of oxygen in the open ocean that, in turn, affects coastal areas in upwelling zones such as the northeast Pacific. Saanich Inlet, on the west coast of Canada, is a natural seasonally hypoxic fjord where certain continental shelf species occur in extreme hypoxia. One study site on the VENUS cabled subsea network is located in the hypoxic zone at 104 m depth. Photographs of the same 5 m2 area were taken with a remotely-controlled still camera every 2/3 days between October 6th 2009 and October 18th 2010 and examined for community composition, species behaviour and microbial mat features. Instruments located on a near-by platform provided high-resolution measurements of environmental variables. We applied multivariate ordination methods and a principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices to determine temporal structures in our dataset. Responses to seasonal hypoxia (0.1–1.27 ml/l) and its high variability on short time-scale (hours) varied among species, and their life stages. During extreme hypoxia, microbial mats developed then disappeared as a hippolytid shrimp, Spirontocaris sica, appeared in high densities (200 m22) despite oxygen below 0.2 ml/l. The slender sole Lyopsetta exilis was abundant in severe hypoxia and diminished as oxygen increased in the summer. This planktivore may be responding to changes in the depth of the diurnal migration of zooplankton. While the squat lobster Munida quadrispina was common at all times, juveniles disappeared in fluctuating conditions. Despite low oxygen conditions, animal densities were high indicating that the risk from hypoxia is balanced by factors such as food availability and escape from less tolerant predators. As hypoxia increases on the continental shelf, we expect benthic communities to become dominated by low diversity, hypoxia-tolerant species of low commercial significance. CHONe_MB08_Matabos_data_year

Additional file 1: Table S1. Enhancers verified using the RT-qPCR method. Primers used to construct the reporter vectors.

Droplet digital PCR H3K27M detection validation raw droplet counts. (XLSX 12Â kb)

Darwin’s theory of sexual selection by female choice has become a standard explanation for exaggerated sexually dimorphic traits, such as the peacock’s (Pavo cristatus) long tail. Eyespot beauty-based female choice requires genetic variation in female preference and the number of eyespots, as well as a genetic correlation between the two. However, little genetic variation has been documented in either of these traits in natural and feral peacock populations. We examined the anatomical plan underlying feather development and discovered that eyespot feather follicles originate in alternating rows of 10/11, which uniquely determines the train’s feather complexity, bilateral symmetry, and eyespot arrangement and beauty. This pattern precludes intrinsic variation in eyespot number, resulting in a fixed number of total eyespots in fully mature individuals. Since number of eyespots and tail length are independent traits and function of the age of the animal, the only variation available in these trats is also function of age. We propose an alternate, male drive, hypothesis in which females choose males based on their overall dominance (size, vigour, call, courting), and beauty of the train may (or may not) be a factor in female choice but it cannot affect the train length. This hypothesis can explain all known results. Missing data values (indicated by "-" sign) are due to poor quality of the specimen. Collected from museum specimens of peacock's tail.