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In the given article we analyze the representation of the period from the recent history- Socialist Yugoslavia- through the case study of national history museum and private exhibition. Although both of the analyzed objects are located in Ljubljana, the metastories which they construct and display are based on the different cultural patterns. We compare the differences of the narratives being used by the private and state institution and apply the visual analysis method together with semi-structured interviews for these purposes. As a result of our research, we show how differs ‘official narration’ compared to the so-called ‘Yugonostalgic’ or ‘Titostalgic’ viewpoint and describe their main characteristics.

Nationell identitet och hur den konstrueras är i hög grad en politisk angelägenhet. Men vad gäller konstruktionen av regional identitet, som är nära kopplad till såväl kulturell som nationell identitet, är detta inte alldeles självklart. Bland aktörer i den regionala identitetsskapandeprocessen har turistnäringen spelat en viktig roll. Och så är fortfarande fallet. Med Gotland som exempel diskuteras i artikeln, i vilken mån imagebildning påverkas av eller påverkar den politiska agendan; och vilka konsekvenser detta kan medföra. Redan under 1800-talet har Gotland blivit en eftertraktad turistdestination. Särskilt gällde det tyska turister, som kring år 1900 utgjorde den största utländska turistgruppen på ön. Denna utveckling var bland annat resultat av Gotlands imagebildning eller branding (varumärkesutveckling), som här belysas från Carl von Linnés tid fram till andra världskrigets början, då Gotlands image som ”tysk ö” uppmärksammades som ett problem för den svenska regeringen vad gäller Hitlertysklands syn på Gotland och gotlänningarnas lojalitet mot den svenska regeringen. Hållbara besök

On September 23, 2013, the leading Swedish daily newspaper, Dagens Nyheter, published a front-page story revealing that a classified listing of Roma had been found on a server belonging to the regional police of Skåne. The illegal database comprised a register of 4,029 persons of Romani descent, more than 1,000 of whom were children living all over Sweden. This news understandably elicited horrified reactions in Sweden and throughout the world. But how exceptional is the concept of such a register to Sweden? To answer this question, we must examine Sweden’s treatment of Romani people during World War II.

Le noyau Borenshult-1, foré à proximité de Motala, à l'est du lac Vättern, dans le centre-sud de la Suède, comprend une succession bien datée et presque complète de carbonates marins marneux déposés relativement près de la terre. Les 34 échantillons de noyau analysés pour la palynologie englobent la partie supérieure du Darriwilian (calcaire de Furudal), l'ensemble du Sandbian (calcaire de Dalby, k-bentonite de Kinnekulle et calcaire de Skagen inférieur) et la partie inférieure du Katian (calcaire de Skagen). L'âge de cet intervalle est bien limité au Darriwilian tardif (tranche de stade Dw3)précoce Katian (Stage slice Ka1), basé sur les conodontes et la datation 206Pb/238U des dépôts de cendres volcaniques. Les échantillons ont produit principalement du phytoplancton marin à parois organiques, principalement des acritarches, avec des chitinozoaires subordonnés, des scolécodontes et des fragments de graptolites. Des palynomorphes terrestres épars, représentés par des cryptospores et des spores triletes, ont également été trouvés dans 23 des échantillons. Un total de 154 espèces d'acritarches correspondant à 53 genres a été identifié, ainsi que de faibles pourcentages de formes anormales (formes teratologiques) d'espèces d'acritarches à certains niveaux. La distribution graphique strati des genres et des espèces a permis trois assemblages palynologiques à distinguer : Assemblage A d'un âge Darriwilien tardif, Assemblage B d'un âge Sandbien (subdivisé en sous-assemblages B1 et B2), et Assemblage C daté comme Katian.Genera tels que Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium et Orthosphaeridum, qui sont communs dans les assemblages de phytoplancton Ordovicien moyen de Baltica, sont bien représentés, avec plusieurs espèces, principalement dans l'Assemblage A et le sous-assemblage B1, jusqu'au Sandbien inférieur.Toutefois, la présence d'une majorité de taxons avec une distribution mondiale soutient le cosmopolitisme des assemblages étudiés, déjà proposé de commencer près de la transition Darriwilian-Sandbian.Notamment, les taxons de phytoplancton avec des affinités siluriennes, précédemment connus de l'Hirnantien, apparaissent pour la première fois dans la partie tardive Darriwilian du noyau de forage Borenshult-1 (Dw3) .Les taxons importants sont Tylotopalla et Metaleiofusa, qui est définitivement établi depuis le début du Sandbian (Ordovicien tardif précoce), ainsi que la première apparition du genre Visbysphaera.Ces événements remettent en question la relation entre l'apparition de morphotypes de phytoplancton pionniers et la glaciation hirnantienne.Autres taxons sans enregistrements pré-siluriens tels que Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum et Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae sont ici présents dans le Sandbien, où des lits de bentonite sont intercalés.Le genre Frankea est enregistré pour la première fois chez l'Ordovicien de Suède, suggérant une distribution latitudinale haute à moyenne au lieu d'une distribution périgondwanaise.La plus grande diversité correspond au Darriwilien et en partie aux assemblages de Sandbien, suivie d'un déclin significatif du Katien.Les principaux changements sont observés dans le Sandbien, avec une baisse significative de la diversité, ce qui est probablement lié à une activité volcanique intense ressentie par les lits de bentonite.La diversité ainsi que les taux d'origination et de renouvellement sont les plus bas de l'intervalle portant la suite de K-bentonites, en particulier près de la plus épaisse d'entre elles.La baisse marquée de la diversité dans la partie katienne de la succession, visible à la fois dans les faibles origines et l'abondance, est peut-être liée à une régression au début de la GICE (excursion carbone isotopique de Guttenberg), avec des conditions environnementales et climatiques moins favorables.Les changements dans les assemblages de phytoplancton ainsi que l'apparition de morphologies innovantes d'acritarques ont été précédemment interprétés comme une conséquence de l'environnement et les perturbations climatiques liées à la glaciation de l'Ordovicien. Nous montrons ici que les premières apparitions de ces taxons avancés ont déjà eu lieu environ 15 Ma plus tôt, suggérant qu'une combinaison possible de facteurs tels que les changements du niveau de la mer et le volcanisme a déclenché ces changements, au lieu d'un événement majeur tel que la glaciation hirnantienne. De plus, ces nouvelles découvertes remettent en question les modèles précédents d'évolution et de rayonnement du phytoplancton de l'Ordovicien et font de Baltica un nouveau domaine clé pour la recherche paléogéographique. El núcleo de Borenshult-1, perforado en las proximidades de Motala, al este del lago Vättern en el centro-sur de Suecia, comprende una sucesión bien datada y casi completa de carbonatos marrones marinos depositados relativamente cerca de la tierra. Las 34 muestras de núcleo analizadas para la palinología abarcan la parte superior del Darriwilian (piedra caliza furudal), todo el Sandbian (piedra caliza Dalby, la Kinnekulle K-bentonita y la piedra caliza Skagen inferior) y la parte inferior del Katian (piedra caliza Skagen). La edad de este intervalo está bien restringida al Darriwilian tardío (etapa Dw3)temprano Katian (Stage slice Ka1), basado en conodontes y datación 206Pb/238U de depósitos de ceniza volcánica. Las muestras arrojaron predominantemente fitoplancton de paredes orgánicas marinas, principalmente acritarcos, con quitinozoos subordinados, scolecodontos y fragmentos de graptolitos. También se encontraron palinomorfos terrestres dispersos, representados por criptosporas y esporas triletas, en 23 de las muestras. Se identificaron un total de 154 especies de acritarcos correspondientes a 53 géneros, así como bajos porcentajes de formas anormales (formas teratológicas) de especies de acritarcos en algunos niveles. La distribución gráfica estratigráfica de géneros y especies permitió tres ensamblajes palinológicos. a distinguir: el Ensamblaje A de una edad Darriwiliana tardía, el Ensamblaje B de una edad Sandbiana (subdividido en subensamblajes B1 y B2) y el Ensamblaje C fechado como Katian.Genera como Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium y Orthosphaeridum, que son comunes en los ensamblajes de fitoplancton del Ordovícico Medio de Báltica, están bien representados, con varias especies, principalmente en el Ensamblaje A y el subensamblaje B1, hasta el Sandbiano inferior. Sin embargo, la presencia de una mayoría de taxones con distribución mundial apoya el cosmopolitismo de los ensamblajes estudiados, ya propuesto para comenzar cerca de la transición Darriwilian-Sandbian. Cabe destacar que los taxones de fitoplancton con afinidades silúricas, previamente conocidos del Hirnantiense, aparecen por primera vez en la parte tardía del Darriwiliense del taladro Borenshult-1 (Dw3) .Los taxones importantes que se producen son Tylotopalla y Metaleiofusa, que se establece definitivamente desde el comienzo del Sandbiense (Ordovícico Tardío temprano), junto con la primera aparición del género Visbysphaera. Estas ocurrencias cuestionan la relación entre la aparición de morfotipos de fitoplancton pioneros y la glaciación Hirnantiana. Otros taxones sin registros pre-silúricos como Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum y Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae están aquí presentes en el Sandbiano, donde los lechos de bentonita se intercalan. El género Frankea se registra por primera vez en el Ordovícico de Suecia, lo que sugiere una distribución latitudinal alta a media en lugar de una distribución peri-Gondwana. La mayor diversidad corresponde al Darriwiliano y en parte a los conjuntos Sandbianos, seguido de una disminución significativa en el Katiano. Los principales cambios se observan en el Sandbiano, con una caída significativa en la diversidad, que probablemente esté relacionado con la intensa actividad volcánica resentida por los lechos de bentonita. La diversidad, así como las tasas de originación y rotación, son las más bajas en el intervalo que soporta el conjunto de bentonitas K, particularmente cerca de las más gruesas. La marcada caída en la diversidad en la parte katiana de la sucesión, visible tanto en bajas originaciones como en abundancia, posiblemente esté relacionada con una regresión al inicio del GICE (excursión de carbono isotópica de Guttenberg), con condiciones ambientales y climáticas menos favorables. Los cambios en los ensamblajes de fitoplancton junto con el inicio de morfologías innovadoras de acritarcos se interpretaron previamente como consecuencia de la y las perturbaciones climáticas relacionadas con la glaciación del Ordovícico. Aquí mostramos que las primeras apariciones de estos taxones avanzados ya ocurrieron hace unos 15 Ma, lo que sugiere que una posible combinación de factores como los cambios en el nivel del mar y el vulcanismo desencadenaron estos cambios, en lugar de un evento importante como la glaciación de Hirnantian. Además, estos nuevos hallazgos desafían los modelos anteriores de evolución y radiación del fitoplancton del Ordovícico y establecen a Baltica como una nueva área clave para la investigación paleogeográfica. The Borenshult-1 core, drilled in the vicinity of Motala, east of Lake Vättern in south central Sweden, comprises a well-dated and nearly complete succession of marine marly carbonates deposited relatively close to land.The 34 core samples analyzed for palynology encompass the upper part of the Darriwilian (Furudal Limestone), the entire Sandbian (Dalby Limestone, the Kinnekulle K-bentonite and the lower Skagen Limestone) and the lower part of the Katian (Skagen Limestone).The age of this interval is well-constrained to the late Darriwilian (Stage slice Dw3)early Katian (Stage slice Ka1), based on conodonts and 206Pb/238U dating of volcanic ash deposits.The samples yielded predominantly marine organic-walled phytoplankton, mainly acritarchs, with subordinate chitinozoans, scolecodonts and fragments of graptolites.Sparse terrestrial palynomorphs, represented by cryptospores and trilete spores, were also found in 23 of the samples.A total of 154 acritarch species corresponding to 53 genera were identified, as well as low percentages of abnormal forms (teratological forms) of acritarch species at some levels.The strati graphic distribution of genera and species allowed for three palynological assemblages to be distinguished: Assemblage A of a late Darriwilian age, Assemblage B of a Sandbian age (further subdivided into sub-assemblages B1 and B2), and Assemblage C dated as Katian.Genera such as Baltisphaeridium, Ordovicidium, Pachysphaeridium and Orthosphaeridum, which are common in Middle Ordovician phytoplankton assemblages from Baltica, are well represented, with several species, mainly in Assemblage A and sub-assemblage B1, up to the lower Sandbian.However, the presence of a majority of taxa with worldwide distribution supports the cosmopolitanism of the studied assemblages, already proposed to begin near the Darriwilian-Sandbian transition.Notably, phytoplankton taxa with Silurian affinities, previously known from the Hirnantian, appear for the first time in the late Darriwilian part of the Borenshult-1 drillcore (Dw3).Important taxa occurring are Tylotopalla and Metaleiofusa, which is definitively established from the beginning of the Sandbian (early Late Ordovician), together with the first appearance of the genus Visbysphaera.These occurrences question the relationship between the appearance of pioneering phytoplankton morphotypes and the Hirnantian glaciation.Other taxa with no pre-Silurian records such as Visbysphaera pirifera subsp.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum and Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae are here present in the Sandbian, where bentonite beds are intercalated.The genus Frankea is recorded for the first time from the Ordovician of Sweden, suggesting a high to middle latitudinal distribution instead of a peri-Gondwanan distribution.The highest diversity corresponds to the Darriwilian and partly to the Sandbian assemblages, followed by a significant decline in the Katian.The main changes are observed in the Sandbian, with a significant drop in diversity, which is probably related to intense volcanic activity rep resented by the bentonite beds.Diversity as well as origination and turnover rates are the lowest in the interval bearing the suite of K-bentonites, particularly near the thickest of them.The marked drop in diversity in the Katian part of the succession, visible in both low originations and abundance, is possibly related to a regression at the onset of the GICE (Guttenberg isotope carbon excursion), with less favorable environmental and climatic conditions.Changes in phytoplankton assemblages together with the onset of innovative morphologies of acritarchs were previously interpreted as a consequence of environmental and climatic perturbations related to the Ordovician glaciation.Here we show that the first appearances of these advanced taxa already occurred ca 15 Ma earlier, suggesting that a possible combination of factors such as sea level changes and volcanism triggered these changes, instead of a major event such as the Hirnantian glaciation.Additionally, these new findings challenge previous models of evolution and radiation of the Ordovician phytoplankton and set up Baltica as a new key area for paleogeographical research. يشتمل قلب Borenshult -1، الذي تم حفره بالقرب من Motala، شرق بحيرة Vättern في جنوب وسط السويد، على تعاقب جيد وكامل تقريبًا من كربونات المارلي البحرية المودعة بالقرب من الأرض نسبيًا. وتشمل العينات الأساسية الـ 34 التي تم تحليلها لعلم الحفريات الجزء العلوي من Darriwilian (الحجر الجيري الفروي)، و Sandbian بأكمله (Dalby Limestone، و Kinnekulle K - bentonite و Skagen Limestone السفلي) والجزء السفلي من Katian (Skagen Limestone). عمر هذه الفترة مقيد جيدًا بالراحل Darriwilian (شريحة Stage Dw3) في وقت مبكر كاتيان (شريحة المرحلة Ka1)، استنادًا إلى المخروطيات و 206Pb/238U التي يرجع تاريخها إلى رواسب الرماد البركاني. أسفرت العينات في الغالب عن العوالق النباتية البحرية ذات الجدران العضوية، وخاصة أكريتاركس، مع الكيتينوزانات التابعة، والسكولودونات وشظايا الجريبتوليت. كما تم العثور على أشكال أرضية متباينة، ممثلة في أبواغ خفية وأبواغ ثلاثية، في 23 من العينات. تم تحديد ما مجموعه 154 نوعًا من أنواع النرجسية المقابلة لـ 53 جنسًا، بالإضافة إلى نسب مئوية منخفضة من الأشكال غير الطبيعية (الأشكال المسخية) لأنواع النرجسية على بعض المستويات. سمح التوزيع الرسومي الطبقي للأجناس والأنواع بثلاثة تجمعات حركية ليتم تمييزها: التجميع أ في أواخر العصر الدارويلي، التجميع ب في العصر الرملي (مقسم أيضًا إلى تجميعات فرعية B1 و B2)، والتجميع ج المؤرخ بالكاتية .الجنس مثل Baltisphaeridium و Ordovicidium و Pachysphaeridium و Orthosphaeridum، وهي شائعة في تجمعات العوالق النباتية الأوردوفية الوسطى من Baltica، ممثلة تمثيلاً جيدًا، مع العديد من الأنواع، بشكل رئيسي في التجميع أ والتجميع الفرعي B1، حتى Sandbian السفلي. ومع ذلك، فإن وجود غالبية الأصناف ذات التوزيع العالمي يدعم عالمية التجمعات المدروسة، تم اقتراحها بالفعل للبدء بالقرب من التحول الداريويلي- الساندبي. بشكل ملحوظ، تظهر أصناف العوالق النباتية ذات الانتماءات السيلورية، والمعروفة سابقًا من الهيرنانتية، لأول مرة في الجزء الداريويلي المتأخر من النواة الحفرية بورنشولت-1 (Dw3). والأصناف الهامة التي تحدث هي تايلوتوبالا وميتاليوفوسا، والتي تم تأسيسها بشكل نهائي من بداية الساندبيان (الأوردوفيشي المتأخر المبكر)، إلى جانب الظهور الأول لجنس Visbysphaera.The these occurrences question the relationship between the appearance of pioneering phytoplankton morphotypes and the Hirnantian glaciation.Other taxa with no pre - Silurian records such as Visbysphaera pirifera sub.minor, Petaloferidium cazurrum and Dorsennidium cf.D. estrellitae موجودة هنا في Sandbian، حيث يتم إقحام أسرة البنتونيت. يتم تسجيل جنس Frankea لأول مرة من الأوردوفيشي السويدي، مما يشير إلى توزيع خط العرض العالي إلى المتوسط بدلاً من توزيع شبه جندواني. يتوافق أعلى تنوع مع Darriwilian وجزئيًا مع تجمعات Sandbian، يليه انخفاض كبير في Katian. لوحظت التغييرات الرئيسية في Sandbian، مع انخفاض كبير في التنوع، والذي ربما يكون مرتبطًا بممثل النشاط البركاني المكثف المستاء من طبقات البنتونيت. التنوع وكذلك معدلات المنشأ والدوران هي الأدنى في الفترة التي تحمل مجموعة البنتونيت K، خاصة بالقرب من سمكه. من المحتمل أن يكون الانخفاض الملحوظ في التنوع في الجزء الكاتاني من الخلافة، المرئي في كل من المنشأ المنخفض والوفرة، مرتبطًا بالانحدار في بداية GICE (رحلة الكربون بنظائر Guttenberg)، مع ظروف بيئية ومناخية أقل ملاءمة. تم تفسير التغيرات في تجمعات العوالق النباتية جنبًا إلى جنب مع بداية المورفولوجيات المبتكرة للنرجس الصخري سابقًا كنتيجة للظروف البيئية والاضطرابات المناخية المتعلقة بالتجلد الأوردوفيشي. هنا نظهر أن المظاهر الأولى لهذه الأصناف المتقدمة حدثت بالفعل قبل 15 مليون سنة مضت، مما يشير إلى أن مجموعة محتملة من العوامل مثل تغيرات مستوى سطح البحر والبراكين تسببت في هذه التغييرات، بدلاً من حدث كبير مثل التجلد الهيرنانتي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تتحدى هذه النتائج الجديدة النماذج السابقة لتطور وإشعاع العوالق النباتية الأوردوفيشية وتضع البلطيقا كمنطقة رئيسية جديدة للبحث في الجغرافيا القديمة.

This article considers colonial rhetoric manifested in representations of early settlement in the mining town of Kiruna in northernmost Sweden. Kiruna was founded more than 100 years ago by the LKAB Company with its centre the prosperous mine on Sami land. Continued iron ore mining has made it necessary to relocate the town centre a few kilometres north-east of its original location to ensure the safety of the people. The ongoing process of the town’s transformation due to industrial expansion has given rise to the creation of a memorial park between the town and the mine, in which two historical photographs have been erected on huge concrete blocks. For the Swedish Sami, the indigenous people, the transformation means further exploitation of their reindeer grazing lands and forced adaption to industrial expansion. The historical photographs in the memorial park fit into narratives of colonial expansion and exploration that represent the town’s colonial past. Both pictures are connected to colonial, racialised and gendered space during the early days of industrial colonialism. The context has been set by discussions about what Kiruna “is”, and how it originated. My aim is to study the role of collective memory in mediating a colonial past, by exploring the representations that are connected to and evoked by these pictures. In this progressive transformation of the town, what do these photographic memorials represent in relation to space? What are the values made visible in these photographs? I also discuss the ways in which Kiruna’s history becomes manifested in the town’s transformation and the use of history in urban planning. I argue that, in addressing the colonial history of Kiruna, it is timely to reconsider how memories of a town are communicated into the future by references to the past. I also claim that memory, history, and remembrance and forgetting are represented in this process of history-making and that they intersect gender, class and ethnicity.

This examination will analyze the possibility of using the game Battlefield 1 while teaching history. Throughout the analysis, Battlefield 1s campaign which is called War Stories will be analyzed together with the introduction of the game which is called Prologue. The analysis of the campaign will be to check how the campaign uses history and what potential historical consciousness can a player of the game obtain. After these two are analyzed, there will be ananalysis on the possibility of using the Prologue and the War Stories while teaching history. In order to analyze the Prologue and the War Stories use of history and historical consciousness, Peter Aronsson and Klas-Göran Karlsson’s theories on how history can be used and their ideas on historical consciousness will be present. A reason for analyzing the Prologue and War Storiesis to see if there is a possibility to use a game that is about World War 1 in the classroom. There are five different War Stories and each one will be analyzed to see how it uses history and if it raises a potential historical consciousness for the player who plays the game. The method for this examination is that the Prologue and the five War Stories will be analyzed through the framework of professor Martin A. Wainwright’s seven thematic units. The Prologue and the War Stories use history in different ways such as an existential way of using history and they raise potential historical awareness on how World War 1 potentially looked like. They also raise knowledge on historical places, figures and weapons such as Lawrence of Arabia and the iconic British tank Mark V. There is a possibility of using the Prologue and War Stories during history lessons, but the main thing for that regards to time and knowledge by the teacher. You have to have time to teach pupils on the game and its mechanics and also the knowledge for how the game is played. This research field regarding videogames and education is not a developed field, and therefore there is a lack of an analysis model for using videogames while teaching. Hopefully, this examination will contribute the research field, so it gets more developed regarding videogames and education.

In 1920s Sweden the concept of Folkhemmet was born and described as a concept and an idea of the modern Swedish well-fare state where the nation was considered a family. Through governmental founding, a new modern Sweden was planned. The first suburbs was introduced in 1930 and the 1950s the next project was finished, the so-called ABC-staden (ABC-town in English). One of the suburbs belonging to the ABC-town project was Rågsved, a place which is associated with the Swedish punk movement and the cultural association of Oasen. In 1965 the next building project was introduced, now called Miljonprogrammet. Miljonprogrammet became criticized for being a constant working place and isolating citizens in the suburbs, leading to segregation. A furthermore consequence of the segregation was when working-class families got a better economy and left the traditional apartment housing for newly produced town halls it opened for low-income families to move in. Meanwhile, the media framing of the suburb also began to change. The narrative of the suburb had previously been a hope for a bright better future for families to live in, but it later changed to be a place for criminality, under-employment, alcoholism, and substance abuse. Teenagers and young adults stuck at the bottom of the economic chain were affected worst by this change. This also occurred with the oil crisis in the late 1970s, making the end of the Swedish record years. The Swedish punk movement was introduced in 1976 inspired by the British and American punk scene. The movement established itself in the suburbs among young adults who did not feel like they were heard. The movement was, in difference to previous youth cultures, political which affected the message of the movement. In the capital of Stockholm, punk rockers found themselves wanting something more, a place outside the centre of the city where they all could have a place to be. This project later resulted in the cultural association of Oasen in Rågsved. In 1979 after the city council of Vantör decided to throw out the association they answered by occupying the locale. They demanded a place to feel at home in the suburb they lived in. This thesis is discussing the modern Swedish suburb using the Swedish punk movement as a historic example. The thesis’s theoretical framework focuses on intersectionality, place, space, and journalistic framing. 

This thesis offers a comparative study of the My Lai massacre perpetrated by American soldiers during the Vietnam in War and the massacre in Bialystok carried out by a police unit operating under the Nazi regime. Using theories from social psychology in combination witha careful scrutiny of sources from criminal investigations, it seeks to elucidate the social mechanisms of perpetration in the two cases and explores how their divergent macro-level contexts facilitated distinctions in the perpetrator’s behavioural patterns and motivations. The study demonstrates that despite commonalities at the micro level, the massacres were organized in distinctive ways, featured divergent perpetrator behavioural patterns andencompassed disparities in the number of abstainers due to different macro-level contexts. The thesis provides explanations for these case variations, and it argues that new insight into the phenomenon of perpetration can be gained by adopting a comparative perspective.

This thesis on the Swedish voluntary women’s defence organisation Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer (SLK), studies how the board and the members of SLK discussed the problems and the meaning of voluntary defence work during the 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore the thesis aims to engage with previous research and give an explanation to why people may be interested in voluntary defence. Views varied greatly within SLK: some meant that the voluntary grounds of participation gave a sense of elite status to the organisation; however others saw voluntary work as untenable, since more women at the time had both work and family obligations. Another issue was professionalisation versus socialisation. While some members wanted to see a centralisation and professionalisation of the organisation, others found it more important to safeguard the social functions and independence of the local corps unit. The results suggest that gender structures as well as individual agency create multiple reasons and meanings behind voluntary defence work.