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Abstract Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely-used flavor enhancer and stabilizer in ready-made or packaged foods. The excessive use of MSG has been shown to increase oxidative stress in different regions of the brain. In this study, the neuroprotective effect of L-carnitine was investigated against MSG intoxication in granular cell of cerebellum in rats. Materials and Methods: 48 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the control, sham (normal saline treated), MSG (3%), L-Carnitine200, MSG+L-Carnitine100 and MSG+L-Carnitine200. After 30 days of treatment, through transcardialy perfusion, the rats were sacrificed and histopathological analyses were conducted on cerebellum. Results: The results indicated that the density of granular cells in cerebellar folium IV, V and VI of rats in the MSG group had significantly decreased in comparison to that of the control and sham groups. Furthermore, the MSG+L-Carnitine200 group showed the higher density of granular cells compared with the MSG group in the three folia. Conclusion: Treatment with L-Carnitine could protect the granular cells in cerebellum against MSG intoxication in rats.

Abstract Background: The injuries of peripheral nervous system cause the death of a number of motor cells of the spinal cord. Neurotrophins family genes such as NT3 involve in neuronal survive after nerve injury and their expression changes after it. With due attention to the expansion of portulaca pleracea in the world study was conducted to determine the effects of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Potulaca oleracea on the NT3 gene expression after sciatic nerve compression in rat. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 88 male wistar rats that randomly were divided in 13 groups of 6 each. They consisted of control group, 4 compression groups (The sciatic nerve was compressed with locker pincer) and 8 treatment groups: compression + treatment with dose of 75 mg/kg of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea on days 1 and 7 (never compression was done on the first day). In all groups, Total RNA was extracted from the lumbar spinal cord segment in 1, 7, 14, 28 days and cDNA was synthesized, then NT3 expression changes were compared in groups. Results: There was a significant increase in NT3 gene expression in the compression group compared to control (p<0.001). The NT3 gene expression shows significant increase (p<0.05) in the treatment groups with alcoholic extract (except 1& 28 days). Also, there was no significant difference in gene expression between treatment group with acqueous extract and compression group in 1 and 7 days. A significant decrease was seen in the treatment groups with aqueous extract of purslane compared to compression (p<0.05). The NT3 gene expression shows significant increase in the treatment groups with alcoholic extract compared to treatment groups with aqueous extract in all days (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results reveal the Portulaca oleracea leaves extracts increase the NT3 gene expression after sciatic nerve injury. This effect is more in alcoholic extract than aqueous extract.

Background & Objectives: Nitrate and nitrite compounds pollution of groundwater resources in recent years which recently their mean concentration due to enhancement of different kind of municipal, industrial and agriculture waste water, were increased. The most common source of nitrates entering the water include chemical fertilizers and animal manure in agriculture, septic tank effluent, wastewater, wastewater treatment plants, animal and plant residue analysis on the ground of non-sanitary disposal of solid waste and the use of absorbing wells for sewage disposal. Materials and methods: This experimental study is applied to the nitrate removal using chitosan in laboratory scale at ambient temperature and the design of the system was Batch. Effects of parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent concentration of nitrate on nitrate removal from aqueous solution was studied. Results: Function of chitosan in synthetic aqueous solution and drinking water according to the slurry system results, the optimum condition was obtained at pH=4, 20 min contact time and increasing the initial concentration of nitrate enhance the adsorption capacity of chitosan. Also optimum dosage of adsorbent was obtained at 0.5 g/l. The data obtained from the experiments of adsorbent isotherm were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir equation was found to be the best fitness with the experimental data (R2>0.93). Conclusion: Although efficiency of Nitrate removal in synthetic aqueous solution was better than drinking water, adsorption process using chitosan as an option for the design and selection nitrate removal should be considered in order to achieve environmental standards.

Background & objectives: Substance abuse is one of the worst humanitarian issues in recent years which undermines the base and foundations of human society. Its prevention requires the application of multiple theories in various disciplines together with diverse methods and techniques. Several studies have been emphasized on the role of personal and familial variables as risk factors for substance use . However, this study was done in order to predict drug addiction attitude in adolescents according to the family training risk factors to prevent substance abuse and to design a model for the prevention of addiction . Methods: This study is a descriptive and survey research performed on a sample of 373 male and female students selected randomly among the five high school students in Ghaemshahr city. Then a questionnaire including parenting styles, attitude to addiction and social problem solving skill as well as a socioeconomic questionnaire distributed among the students. For data analysis, the statistical method of descriptive statistics and path analysis has been used. Results: Results of this study have shown that the component of parenting styles has a direct and positive impact on attitudes to drug addiction. In addition, there was a direct and positive non-significant relationship between the adaptive social problem solving skills and attitude to drug addiction and also direct and negative significant relationship between the non-adaptive social problem solving skills on this attitudes. A direct and negative significant relationship was also seen between parenting styles and attitude to drug addiction. Conclusions: Based on the results of present study, the components of parenting styles have a direct and negative impact on attitudes to drug addiction. Also there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of non-adaptive social problem solving skills and the variable of social attitude in adolescents . But the component of adaptive social problem solving skill has a direct and non-significant impact.

Background & Objectives: Over 150 different surgical techniques for treatment of anterior shoulder instability has been suggested that there is no consensus in the orthopedics. This study seeks to compare treatment outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart lesion repair methods with Bristow - Latarjet open surgical technique in patients with anterior shoulder instability. Methods: In this cross-sectional study all patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation from 2009-2011 was divided into two groups, arthroscopic Bankart treatment (28 cases) and open Bristow - Latarjet (26 cases) that all were treated by one orthopedic surgeon. Patients were visited in 2,4,6,8 weeks also in the third and sixth month post-op .The visual analog scale (VAS) for patient satisfaction and Walsch-duplay and Rowe score for functional outcomes of treatment were used in six months follow up. These three criteria were analyzed again after recalling the patients. Results: Mean age of 54 patients was 29.46±9.16 years and mean follow-up duration was 23.28 ± 6.2 months. Scores of patients in both groups were not statistically different after analyzing the functional outcomes of treatment by Walsch-duplay and Rowe score after six months and final follow-up. Scores of patients by Walsch-duplay measurement in arthroscopic Bankart and Bristow-Latarjet groups were 98.03±4.37 and 97.88±4.51 respectively and by Rowe index were 97.32±5.52 vs. 97.88±4.51at final follow-up. No recurrence was observed in both groups in final follow up. Patient satisfaction in Bankart and operation groups were 9.4 ±0.68 and 9.47±0.58 (p= 0.69). Conclusion: In anterior shoulder instability, minimally invasive Arthroscopic Bankart procedures almost equal to open Bristow-Latarjet method with regards to shoulder stability, recurrence rate, and range of motion.

Background and Objectives: Academic burnout negatively affects students and those around them in terms of subjective well-being, psychology, and physiology. This study aims to determine academic burnout and its related factors in students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 274 medical students studying in second and higher semesters in Qom University of Medical Sciences, 2015. The samples were selected using stratified sampling method. The Breso et al.'s Academic Burnout Inventory and demographic characteristics questionnaire were completed by students. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance at significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 21.9±3.7 years and the mean score of academic burnout was 1.73±0.64 (range:0-4). According to the results of multivariate analysis of variance, there were statically significant relationships between academic burnout and variables of residence status and interest in the academic discipline (p<0.05). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient were indicative of an inverse statistical correlation between academic burnout status and the variables of age (r=-166, p<0.0001) and educational status (r=-0.242, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Considering the significant relationship between grade point average and interest in academic discipline with all subscales, planning to create a positive attitude towards academic discipline in students can be a protective factor against academic burnout as well as improvement of educational status.

Background: Angiogenesis is a major event in many diseases such as cancer. Today, using silver nanoparticles in industry and medicine has taken into consideration. The Achillea biebersteinii extract has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study aimed at examining the effects of silver nanoparticles coated with the A. biebersteinii extract on angiogenesis of chick chorioallantoic membrane. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 50 fertilized eggs Ross were randomly divided into 5 groups: the sham and experimental groups 1 to 4. In the second day of incubation, the window was opened on eggs and the eggs were treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/mL silver nanoparticles. At the twelfth day, the samples were photographed and the number and lengths of vessels around the sponges, the length of crown-rump, fetal weight and blood vessels' hemoglobin levels were recorded and compared with the control group. Results: The results showed that the 50 μg/mL of silver nanoparticles had no significant effect on the angiogenesis process. However, 100,150 and 200 μg/mL of the nanoparticles doses-dependently decreased the number, length and content of hemoglobin in the blood vessels. Also, fetal weight and crown-rump in concentrations 150 and 200 μg/mL showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles coated with A. biebersteinii extracts can be considered in the studies of diseases associated with angiogenesis such as cancer.

Abstract Background: Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts causes recurrence of the disease; so, the patient should be monitored regularly ،The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a few herbal materials on Acanthamoeba cysts in vitro. Materials and Methods: Essential oils (EOs) of Zataria, Mint, and Oregano were prepared by steam distillation. The EOs and Hypericum perforatum extract were prepared in three concentrations (0.6%, 1% and 10%)، Acanthamoeba cysts in various time intervals (30, 60, 120, 180 and 1440 minutes) were exposed with plant extracts. Then, the viability of parasite was investigated by eosin 0.1%. Results: Comparison of the parasite mortality rate between control and case groups showed that the mortality of Acanthamoeba cysts was higher in the case groups that exposed to herbal materials. At the equal concentration (10%) and time (24 h), the Zataria and mint EOs produced the highest (22%) and lowest (4%) mortality, respectively. The results showed the mortality rate of Acanthamoeba was time-dependent. Conclusion: Zataria showed the most fatality effect against Acanthamoeba cysts. In this respect, clinical trial studies are suggested.

مقدمه و اهداف هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی و مقایسه تاثیر تیپینگ و دو نوع بریس بنددار و نئوپرینی بر فعالیت عملکردی والیبالیست­های دارای مچ پای ناپایدار می­باشد. مواد و روش ها تحقیق حاضر از نوع مقایسه­ای می‌باشد. آزمودنی­های تحقیق حاضر 15 نفر از والیبالیست­های ایالت کردستان عراق تشکیل دادند که دارای مچ پای ناپایدار بوده با میانگین سن: 94/1±93/21 سال، قد: 08/0±85/1 متر، وزن: 25/7±50/80 کیلوگرم و شاخص توده بدنی: 65/1±37/23 کیلوگرم بر متر مربع می­باشند. آزمون­های عملکردی تحقیق پیش­رو شامل پرش سارجنت و آزمون تعادلی وای بوده و داده­های تحقیق با استفاده از روش آماری آنالیز واریانس مکرر و با استفاده از نرم­افزار SPSS نسخه 22 در سطح 05/0˂p) تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها یافته­های تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که در بریس نئوپرینی (001/0˂P) و بریس بنددار (001/0˂P) نمره آزمون Y و هر سه وسایل محافظتی شامل تیپینگ (001/0˂P)، بریس نئوپرینی (002/0˂P) و بریس بنددار (001/0˂P) بر نمره آزمون پرش عمودی تاثیر مثبت دارد، اما این سه نوع وسایل محافظتی در قبل و بعد از اعمال، برتری خاصی نسبت به یکدیگر ندارند. بحث و نتیجه گیری با استفاده از یافته های تحقیق و از آنجایی که در آزمون Y عمل تیپینگ تاثیری بر نتیجه آزمون نداشته و در مجموع تفاوتی بین این سه نوع وسایل محافظتی یافت نشد و بر اساس یافته های تحقیق­های قبلی که حاکی از صرف هزینه کمتر در استفاده از اعمال بریس می باشد، به نظر می­رسد استفاده از بریس نسبت به اعمال تیپینگ بهینه­تر باشد. قابل ذکر است که ترجیح یکی از این روش­ها به عوامل دیگر مثل راحتی ورزشکار و موارد بیومکانیکی نیز بستگی دارد که از این نظر نیاز به مطالعات بیشتر می باشد.

مقدمه: در ترومای ناحیه میانی صورت، شکستگی‌های کامی اغلب با شکستگی‌های فک فوقانی (لفورت) همراه هستند. این شکستگی‌ها ممکن است چالش‌هایی در تشخیص و درمان به وجود آورند و اگر به‌طور صحیح درمان نشود منجر به مشکلات بد جوش خوردن، مال اکلوژن و فیستول دهانی ـ بینی می‌شوند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی کارایی مینی پلیت معمولی روی مخاطی در درمان شکستگی تیغه کامی فک فوقانی بود. مواد و روش‌ها: در بیماران با تشخیص شکستگی کامی، تحت بیهوشی عمومی آرچ بار فکین بسته شد. پس از جااندازی و فیکساسیون سایر شکستگی‌های موجود، اکلوژن مناسب فک فوقانی و تحتانی با کمک سیم بندی میان‌کامی حاصل شد. فیکساسیون شکستگی کامی در اکلوژن مطلوب با استفاده از یک مینی پلیت معمولی مستقیم 4 سوراخبافاصله به ضخامت mm2 و چهار عدد پیچ به طول mm8 در طرفین خط شکستگی انجام شد. ثابت‌سازی بین‌فکیبه مدت 10- 7 روز و الاستیک تراپی به مدت 2 هفته صورت گرفت. پیچ و پلیت ها بعد از 10- 8 هفته از کاربرد آن‌ها، تحت بی‌حسی موضعی یا آرام بخشی خارج شدند. پیگیری بیماران در فواصل 3 ماه به مدتیک سال انجام گرفت. یافته‌ها: این روش در 10 بیمار دچار تروما که دارای شکستگی تیغه کامی بودند، به‌کاربرده شد. پیچ‌ها و پلیت های کامی روی مخاطی تا زمان‌برداشتن آن‌ها به‌طور محکم در سقف دهان و در محل خود باقی ماندند و در هیچ‌کدام از بیماران، فیستول دهانی- بینی، نکروز مخاط یا اکسپوژر استخوان زیرین، تداخل با تکلم، بلع یا جویدن یا سختی در بهداشت دهانی ذکر نشد. قطعات پالاتوآلوئولار در موقعیت صحیح خود باقی‌مانده و اکلوژن و عرض صورت به‌جز در یک مورد بازسازی شد. نتیجه‌گیری: ثابت‌سازی شکستگی‌های کامی با مینی پلیت های معمولی بدون کنار زدن موکوپریوستئوم پوشاننده کامی، در ثبات و بازسازی عرض قطعات کامیامکان‌پذیرمی‌باشد. در عین‌حال از ایجاد عوارضی مانند تشکیل فیستول و تداخل با اعمال حفره دهان اجتناب می‌شود.