Characterization of the electrical properties of covalently linked pure, hydrogenated andhydrophobically modified poly{ethylene glycol} (PEG) thin films under a changingrelative humidity is examined by dc measurements. Perfluoroalkylethylalcohol is used asthe hydrophobic additive. At low humidity levels, electronic conduction takes placewhile the absorbed water contributes to this mechanism and increases the current. Ataround 70% relative humidity, as a result of the water clusters formed, the polymer meltsfrom the semicrystalline form and the current shows a steeper increase. The water vaporcondenses and conduction takes an ionic nature. For the pure PEG samples, after 75%,the conductivity shows irregularities with respect to increase in the relative humidity. Theirregularities subside in the hydrogenated as well as the hydrophobically modified PEGsamples, while in the latter the steep increase in conductivity shifts to higher values ofrelative humidity with increase of perfluoroalkylethylalcohol concentration in the film.There is a hysterisis between the absorption and desorption of water as the film cannotreach its semicrystalline form in the time interval of desorption. The polymer film couldget its pre-absorption form after annealing. The response of PEG thin films to theexposure to acetone and methanol vapor at changing pressures are observed by dcmeasurements under vacuum. The conductivity of the polymer increases with theincreasing pressure of vapor while this increase reaches a significant value at 1100 Pa.Acetone causes an augmentation in current 10 times greater than methanol due to thedifference between their dielectric constants. Kovalent bağlı saf, hidrojene edilmiş ve hidrofobik olarak modifiye edilmiş polietilenglikol ince filmlerinin elektriksel özelliklerinin karakterizasyonu değişen bağıl nemetkisinde doğrusal akım ölçümleri ile yapıldı. Hidrofobik katkı olarakperfloroalkilietilalkol kullanıldı. Düşük nem seviyelerinde elektronik iletkenlikgozlemlenirken, emilen su da iletkenlik mekanizmasına katıldı ve akım değeri yükseldi.Bağıl nemin %70'e ulaştığı noktada, oluşan su adacıkları sebebiyle polimerin yarı kristalyapısı eridi ve akım daha dik bir artış gösterdi. Su buharı yoğunlaştı ve iletkenlik iyonikbir durum aldı. Saf PEG örneklerin iletkenliği, %75'den sonra bağıl nemdeki artışlabirlikte düzensizlikler gösterdi. Bu düzensizlikler hidrojene edilmiş örneklerde olduğugibi hidrofobik olarak modifiye edilmiş olan örneklerde de ortadan kalktı, bununlabirlikte hidrofobik olarak modifiye edilmiş olan örneklerin iletkenliğinde gözlenen aniartış, filmlerdeki perfloroalkilietilalkol oranı arttıkça bağıl nemin daha yüksekdeğerlerine doğru kaydı. Suyun emilim ve geri verilimi arasında, filmin geri verilimzaman aralığında önceki yarı kristal formuna dönememesinden kaynaklanan bir histerioluştu. Polimer film emilim öncesi formunu ısıtarak kurutma sonrasında alabildi. PEGince filmlerinin aseton ve metanol buharına olan tepkisi vakum altında farklı basınçlardadoğru akım ölçümleri ile gözlemlendi. Polimerin iletkenliği artan basınçla birlikte arttı vebu artış 1100 Pa'da önemli bir değere ulaştı. Dielektrik sabitleri arasındaki farktan dolayı,aseton akımın metanolden 10 kat fazla artışına sebep oldu. 75
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handle: 1822/86704
Cartilage repair after a trauma or a degenerative disease like osteoarthritis (OA) continues to be a big challenge in modern medicine due to the limited self-regenerative capacity of the articular cartilage tissues. To overcome the current clinical limitations, tissue engineering has focused on new therapeutical procedures and materials capable of restoring most native tissue functionalities through temporary polymeric scaffolding, often using stem cells. In recent years, marine-origin materials have emerged as a sustainable alternative to mammalian counterparts to develop various types of scaffolds, including hydrogels, membranes, cryogels, and 3D printed scaffolds. The thesis presents a complete and deep characterization of the selected marine polymers [i.e., jellyfish collagen (jCOL), shark skin collagen (sCOL), squid pens chitosan (sCHT), brown algae fucoidan (aFUC), and shark chondroitin sulfate (sCS)], which were used to develop different biomaterials using innovative processing. The compressive and absorption methodology used to produce hydrogels showcased their potential for developing implantable scaffolds, also inspiring the production of molded membranes. Likewise, cryogels were also explored as injectable polymeric materials, as well as inks enabling the production of 3D printed scaffolds. These biomaterials were characterized regarding morphology, structural integrity, protein and biochemical contents, thermal and molecular properties, water uptake capacity, and degradation properties, as well as assessing their mechanical behavior. Furthermore, the biomaterials demonstrated an interesting microenvironment in in vitro studies for cultured chondrocyte cell lines (ATDC5), primary human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), or immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) expressing human telomerase (hTERT), supporting cell viability and proliferation. Overall, this thesis allowed the development of several advanced marine-based biomaterial scaffolds, comprising both cell seeding and encapsulation strategies, as well as to be used as implantable and injectable materials for their future use in biomedical applications as regenerative tissue material for different stages/grade deterioration of damaged cartilage tissues. A regeneração de tecidos de cartilagem após trauma ou doença degenerativa continua a ser um grande desafio para a medicina moderna devido à sua limitada capacidade de auto-regeneração. De modo a ultrapassar as atuais limitações, a engenharia de tecidos tem-se focado em novos procedimentos terapêuticos e materiais com capacidade de restaurar as funcionalidades dos tecidos originais. Nos últimos anos, materiais de origem marinha surgiram como uma alternativa sustentável aos de mamíferos para o desenvolvimento de vários tipos de scaffolds, como hidrogéis, membranas, criogéis e impressões de scaffolds 3D. Neste sentido, esta tese inclui uma caracterização completa dos polímeros marinhos selecionados [ou seja, colagénio de medusa (jCOL), colagénio de tubarão (sCOL), quitosano de lulas (sCHT), fucoidano de algas castanhas (aFUC) e sulfato de condroitina de tubarão (sCS)], usados para o desenvolvimento de diferentes biomateriais com processos inovadores. A metodologia de compressão e absorção utilizada para a produção de hidrogéis mostrou o seu potencial para o desenvolvimento de scaffolds implantáveis, inspirando também a produção de membranas. Da mesma forma, também foram explorados criogéis como materiais injetáveis, bem como inks para a produção de scaffolds impressos em 3D. Estes biomateriais foram caracterizados quanto à sua morfologia, integridade estrutural, concentração de proteína, bioquímicos, propriedades térmicas e moleculares, capacidade de absorção de água e de degradação, bem como a avaliação de seu comportamento mecânico. Além disso, os biomateriais demonstraram um microambiente interessante em estudos in vitro em linhas celulares de condrócitos (ATDC5), células estaminais derivadas de tecido adiposo humano (hASCs) ou células-estaminais mesenquimais humanas imortalizadas (MSC), suportando a sua viabilidade e proliferação. Globalmente, esta tese permitiu o desenvolvimento de vários tipos de scaffolds com base em materiais marinhos, explorando estratégias de semeadura e encapsulamento celular, bem como para serem usados como materiais implantáveis e injetáveis para seu uso futuro em aplicações biomédicas em diferentes estágios/grau de deterioração de tecidos cartilaginosos danificados. Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for all my financial support through a Ph.D. grant (PD/BD/143044/2018) and exceptional scholarship Covid-19 (COVID/BD/153028/2022). Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia de Tecidos, Medicina Regenerativa e Células Estaminais
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Increasing environmental pressures have driven a renewed interest in the open rotor concept. However, their large noise emissions have limited their integration to modern aircraft. Therefore, to ensure designs meet current and future noise emission targets, the effects of various design choices must be understood from the preliminary design stage. As a result, this research performs a parametric study of the effect of blade count and tip speed on open rotor noise. Considering a large number of design combinations of both tip speed and blade count, low-order models are used to demonstrate the strong coupling between open rotor noise and these design features. It is shown that generally, the noise reduces for increasing blade count and decreasing tip speed. However, due to the strong interactions between blade rows, this is not a simple relation. A number of optimisations of the open rotor configuration are also presented. These further highlight the complex relationship between the noise and the open rotor configuration. The optimisations also demonstrate the ability to reduce open rotor noise at the terminal areas under additional constraints.
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handle: 11454/84329
SUMMARY Purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between molecular weight properties and physical properties of PETKIM HDPE homopolymer PETILEN YY S0464 and its ideal molecular weight and physical properties. Two type HDPE homopolymers which had different molecular weights and physical properties produced in two reactors operated under the specified conditions were blended in the specified ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) to prepare seven samples. Seven sample molecular weight properties (Mg^/M^ Mz/Mw, Mz+1, Mp, Mn, %, Mz, Mv, dispersity, intrinsic viscosity) were determined by using gel permeation chromatography and their physical properties (Melt flow rate, density, Izod impact strength, Olsen stiffness, tensile strength at yield point, tensile strength and elongation at break point, Nonnewtonian index, environmental stress cracking resistance, melting point, Vicat softening point) were determined according to ASTM. Then, to determine relationships between above mentioned properties, graphics were prepared. Using these graphics and melt flow rate range defined for PETILEN YY S0464, ideal molecular weight properties and physical properties for PETILEN YY S0464 were determined. 74 ABSTRACT Purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between molecular weight properties and physical properties of PETKİM HDPE homopolymer PETİLEN YY S0464, and using these relationships and melt flow rate range defined for PETİLEN YY S0464 to determine its ideal molecular weight and physical properties. ABSTRAKT Bu çalışma, PETKİM Petrokimya Holding A.Ş. Aliağa Yüksek Yoğunluklu Polietilen Fabrikası'nda üretilmekte olan, yüksek yoğunluklu polietilen homopolimeri PETİLEN YY S0464 türünün molekül ağırlığı özellikleriyle fiziksel özellikleri arasındaki ilişkisini belirlemek, bu ilişkileri ve söz konusu tür için tanımlanmış olan erime akış hızı aralığını dikkate alarak, ideal molekül ağırlığı ve fiziksel özelliklerini tesbit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. II 74
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ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT OF A PREPROCESSOR FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND A POSTPROCESSOR FOR EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC TIRES Korkmaz, Hakan M. S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy July 1999, 146 pages Although the pneumatic tire may look like a rather simple inflated rubber component of most unguided ground vehicles, in reality it has a complex structure and performs complicated tasks. Since the preprocessors of commercial finite element softwares are for general purposes, the creation of a tire model and subsequent modifications may be a long and tedious job. Checking the created model for possible errors presents further difficulties. In this thesis, to overcome these problems, a tire preprocessor for the special purpose of creating and editing a tire finite element model is constructed. The preprocessor allows the user to define geometry and construction of the tire in two dimensions. Geometric and material inproperties of the tire are entered through the preprocessor. Boundary and contact conditions are specified in order to perform static and quasi-static analysis in three dimensions. Property values that are related with tire analysis can be edited easily throughout the preprocessor facilitating the examinination of the effect of tire parameters of interest. The results from the static and quasi-static finite element analysis should be compared with the experimental tire data for justification and further development. For this purpose, postprocessor for the existing experimental tire setup is also developed. For the postprocessor, the so-called `magic formula`, which is a semi- emprical formula, is taken to be the base model ibr the implementation of tire cornering force characteristics. The postprocessor uses the measured data to determine the coefficients of the magic formula for the specified tire and then provides facilities for the presentation of the data in carpet graph form. Keywords: Preprocessor, Postprocessor, Pneumatic Tires, Tire Cornering Force Characteristics, Tire Testing. IV oz PNÖMATİK LASTİKLERİN SONLU ELEMANLAR ANALİZİ İÇİN ÖN İŞLEMCİ VE DENEYSEL ANALİZİ İÇİN SON İŞLEMCİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ Korkmaz, Hakan Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy Temmuz 1999, 146 sayfa Pnömatik lastik yol taşıtlarının, şişirilmiş basit bir parçası olarak görünse de, gerçekte karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir ve ağır görevler yapar. Ticari sonlu elemanlar programlarının ön işlemcileri genel amaçlar için geliştirildiğinden, lastik modelinin yaratılması ve daha sonra olası değişikliklerin yapılması, uzun ve yorucu bir süreçtir. Yaratılmış modelin olası hatalar için kontrol edilmesi de oldukça zor bir işlemdir. Bu tezde, anılan problemlere çözüm olarak, lastiğin sonlu elemanlar modelinin yaratılması ve düzenlenmesi için özel amaçlı bir lastik ön işlemcisi geliştirilmiştir. Ön işlemci, lastiğin geometrisinin iki boyutta tanımlanmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Lastiğin geometrik ve malzeme özellikleri ön işlemci yoluyla girilir. Üç boyutta statik ve sanki statik analiz yapabilmek için, sınır ve temas koşulları belirtilir. Lastikanalizi ile bağlantılı olan özellik değerleri, ön işlemci yoluyla kolayca düzenlenebilir ve ilgilenilen lastik parametreleri incelenebilir. Statik ve sanki statik sonlu eleman analizinin sonuçları, doğrulanması ve modelin daha da iyileştirilmesi için deneysel lastik verileriyle karşılaştırılmalıdır. Bu amaçla, tez çalışması içinde mevcut lastik deney düzeneği için bir son işlemci de geliştirilmiştir. Ön işlemcide deneysel değerlerin, lastiğin yan kuvvet karakteristikleri olarak sunulabilmesi için, günümüzde yaygın olarak uygulanan yarı empirik `Magic Formula` kullanılmıştır. Denenen bir lastik için ölçülen değerler son işlemci kullanılarak Magic formulanın katsayıları hesaplanmaktadır. Daha sonra bu katsayılar sayesinde, lastiğin yan kuvvet karakteristikleri `Carpet Graph` formatmda sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ön işlemci, Son işlemci, Pnömatik Lastikler, Lastik Yan Kuvvet Karakteristikleri, Lastik Deneyi. vı 146
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ABSTRACT A NEW METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF LACKING DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION DATA BY USING AVAILABLE METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN TURKEY HASDEMIR, Birol Ph.D. in Building Sciences, Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ECEVIT January, 1995, 54 pages. For the prediction of lacking daylight availability data in Turkey, the ratio of hourly variation of terrestrial total illumination to the simultaneous extraterrestrial illumination and hourly luminous efficacy of terrestrial total solar radiation was related to the hourly average clearness index, and solar altitude angle under overcast, partly cloudy and clear sky conditions of Ankara. Empirical daylight illumination prediction equations were constructed, their validity was tested by using overcast, partly cloudy and clear sky daylight illumination data measured at Gaithersburg-Maryland (USA). The validation test results are also presented in terms of mean biased (MBE), mean absolute biased (MABE) and root mean square errors (RMSE). Keywords: Daylight illumination, solar radiation, clearness index. Science Code: 601.02.07. Ill Öz TÜRKİYE'DE EKSİK OLAN GÜNIŞI?I AYDINLANMA VERİLERİNİN, MEVCUT GÜNEŞ IŞIMA VERİLERİ KULLANILARAK TAHMİNİ İÇİN YENİ BİR YÖNTEM HASDEMİR, Birol Doktora tezi, Yapı Bilimleri, Mimarlık Ana Bilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ECEVİT Ocak, 1995, 54 Sayfa. Türkiye'de eksik olan günışığı aydınlanma verilerinin tahmini için, Ankara'nın kapalı, parçalı bulutlu ve açık gökyüzü koşullarında, eş zamanlı saatlik toplam yeryüzü ve atmosfer dışı günışığı aydınlanma oranları ve yeryüzündeki saatlik toplam güneş ışınımının ışık etkinliği, güneşin yükseliş açısı ve saatlik gökyüzü açıklık endeksine ilişkilendirildi. Türetilen ampirik günışığı aydınlanması tahmin denklemlerinin geçerliliği, Gaithersburg-Maryland (ABD) de kapalı, parçalı bulutlu ve açık gökyüzü koşullarında ölçülen günışığı aydınlanma verileri kullanılarak test edildi. Geçerlilik test sonuçları MBE, MABE ve RMSE cinsinden sunuldu. Anahtar sözcükler: Günışığı aydınlanması, güneş ışıması, gökyüzü açıklık endeksi Bilim Dalı Sayısal Kodu: 601.02.07. 54
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ABSTRACT DIRECT LEACHING OF DENİZLİ-TAVAS MANGANESE ORE WITH SULPHURIC ACID YILMAZ, Mustafa M.S., The Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yavuz TOPKAYA September 1998, 45 pages This thesis work was carried out to investigate the direct leaching of Denizli-Tavas manganese ore with sulphuric acid solution to obtain a manganese rich leach solution to be used in electrowinning. The chemical analysis of representative ore sample indicated that the ore contained 29.03% Mn, 5.65% Fe, 18.59% Si02, 7.26% CaO, etc. The major manganese minerals found were rhodochrosite, manganite, psilomelane, pyrolusite and rhodonite in decreasing order of importance. The major gangue minerals were calcite and quartz. The direct sulphuric acid leaching parameters optimized were leaching duration, sulphuric acid concentration, solid to liquid ratio and temperature of leaching. During these optimization tests done in a glass balloon, Denizli-Tavas manganese ore sample ground to less than 100 Tyler mesh (147 microns) was used and the magnetic iiistirring rate was kept constant. At the end of the experiments, it was determined that the optimum conditions of leaching were 1.5 M H2SO4 concentration, 60 °C leaching temperature, 30 minutes leaching duration and a solid to liquid ratio of 1/6. The maximum manganese leach recovery obtainable was 77.8%. It was found to be too difficult to increase the manganese leach recovery any further. The reason for the relatively low manganese leach recovery was the presence of manganese minerals in the ore sample that were insoluble in sulphuric acid solutions. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the leach residues showed that the low manganese leach recoveries were mainly due to the presence of pyrolusite, rhodonite, etc. in the ore. Keywords: Manganese, leaching, sulphuric acid IV oz DENİZLİ-TAVAS MANGANEZ CEVHERİNİN SÜLFÜRİK ASİT İLE DOĞRUDAN LİÇİ YILMAZ, Mustafa Yüksek Lisans, Metalürji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Yavuz TOPKAYA Eylül 1998, 45 sayfa Bu tez çalışması, Denizli-Tavas manganez cevherinin sülfürik asit çözeltisi ile doğrudan liçinin incelenmesi ve elektrometalurjik işlemlerde kullanılabilecek manganezce zengin çözelti eldesi amacı ile yapıldı. Deneylerde kullanılan cevher örneğinin kimyasal analizinde %29.03 Mn, %5.65 Fe, %18.59 Si02, %7.26 CaO, vs. bulundu. Cevherdeki manganez mineralleri önem sırasına göre rodokrozit, manganit, psilomelan, piroluzit ve rodonit olarak tespit edildi. Cevherdeki esas gang mineralleri ise kalsit ve kuvarsdı. Doğrudan liç işleminde, liç süresi, sülfürik asit konsantrasyonu, katı-sıvı oranı ve çözelti sıcaklığı optimizasyonuna çalışılan parametrelerdir. Optimizasyon çalışmaları, 147 mikronun altına öğütülmüş cevherin cam balon içerisinde sabit karıştırma hızı ile yapıldı.Deneylerin sonucunda, 30 dakika liç süresi, 1.5 M H2SO4 konsantrasyonu, 1/6 katı- sıvı oranı ve 60 °C çözelti sıcaklığı, Denizli-Tavas manganez cevherinin endüstriyel üretim ekonomisi de göz önüne alındığında optimum şartlar olarak tespit edildi. Elde edilebilen en yüksek verim %77.8 olarak bulundu. Buna Denizli-Tavas manganez cevheri içinde bulunan ve sülfürik asit ile çözünemeyen manganez minerallerinin sebep olduğu anlaşıldı. Katı liç atıklarının X-ışınlan kırınım analizinden, sülfürik asit çözeltisinde çözünemeyen bu mangan minerallerinin cevherdeki piroluzit ve rodonit olduğu görüldü. Anahtar Kelimeler: Manganez, liç, sülfürik asit vı 45
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handle: 2434/1018373
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Green |
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the teachers' and the learners' perspectives on the current homework system in EFL classes. With regard to the homework system under investigation, the main areas of concern were: the quantity of homework, individualisation, motivation, homework correction, homework instruction, creativity, groupwork, parents and environment, and computer use. The data was obtained from 250 learners and 25 teachers from five different public schools in Bursa, Turkey. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires and interviews both for teachers and learners, classroom observation and field notes. Questionnaires were the leading instruments of the study, and, the interviews, classroom observation and field notes also helped to get further deeper information about the teachers' and the learners' perspectives on the current homework system in EFL classes. The analysis of the data emerged intriguing results. It was found out that neither the teachers nor the learners believe in the use of too much homework but on the other hand teachers do not contact with the other teachers to avoid too much homework. Both learners and teachers admit that individualisation is important but the teachers complain that they do not have enough time to deal with the learners individually. The study showed that both the teachers and the learners emphasise the importance of motivation. Besides, both the learners and the teachers mention that there would not be any use if there were no homework correction. The way teacher gives homework instructions is another important aspect to point out. As for creativity, neither the learners nor the teachers believe that it is useful to force someone to be creative. Learners seem to believe that groupwork homework motivates them. Regarding, the place of parents and the place of environment, It was found that learners do not want their parents to be in contact with their teachers. The study also revealed that most of the learners in the study have suitable environment at home to study but having thisopportunity does not mean that they do their homework properly. Moreover, both learners and teachers find using computer and internet for homework useful. As a conclusion, it is suggested that both the teachers and the learners need to revise their perspectives on the current homework system in the light of the results offered by this study. Key Words: Homework, EFL, Classroom, Teacher, Learner, Perspectives Yeşim Gökben Özmen, MA Thesis, 2002 128
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
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impulse | Average |
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Characterization of the electrical properties of covalently linked pure, hydrogenated andhydrophobically modified poly{ethylene glycol} (PEG) thin films under a changingrelative humidity is examined by dc measurements. Perfluoroalkylethylalcohol is used asthe hydrophobic additive. At low humidity levels, electronic conduction takes placewhile the absorbed water contributes to this mechanism and increases the current. Ataround 70% relative humidity, as a result of the water clusters formed, the polymer meltsfrom the semicrystalline form and the current shows a steeper increase. The water vaporcondenses and conduction takes an ionic nature. For the pure PEG samples, after 75%,the conductivity shows irregularities with respect to increase in the relative humidity. Theirregularities subside in the hydrogenated as well as the hydrophobically modified PEGsamples, while in the latter the steep increase in conductivity shifts to higher values ofrelative humidity with increase of perfluoroalkylethylalcohol concentration in the film.There is a hysterisis between the absorption and desorption of water as the film cannotreach its semicrystalline form in the time interval of desorption. The polymer film couldget its pre-absorption form after annealing. The response of PEG thin films to theexposure to acetone and methanol vapor at changing pressures are observed by dcmeasurements under vacuum. The conductivity of the polymer increases with theincreasing pressure of vapor while this increase reaches a significant value at 1100 Pa.Acetone causes an augmentation in current 10 times greater than methanol due to thedifference between their dielectric constants. Kovalent bağlı saf, hidrojene edilmiş ve hidrofobik olarak modifiye edilmiş polietilenglikol ince filmlerinin elektriksel özelliklerinin karakterizasyonu değişen bağıl nemetkisinde doğrusal akım ölçümleri ile yapıldı. Hidrofobik katkı olarakperfloroalkilietilalkol kullanıldı. Düşük nem seviyelerinde elektronik iletkenlikgozlemlenirken, emilen su da iletkenlik mekanizmasına katıldı ve akım değeri yükseldi.Bağıl nemin %70'e ulaştığı noktada, oluşan su adacıkları sebebiyle polimerin yarı kristalyapısı eridi ve akım daha dik bir artış gösterdi. Su buharı yoğunlaştı ve iletkenlik iyonikbir durum aldı. Saf PEG örneklerin iletkenliği, %75'den sonra bağıl nemdeki artışlabirlikte düzensizlikler gösterdi. Bu düzensizlikler hidrojene edilmiş örneklerde olduğugibi hidrofobik olarak modifiye edilmiş olan örneklerde de ortadan kalktı, bununlabirlikte hidrofobik olarak modifiye edilmiş olan örneklerin iletkenliğinde gözlenen aniartış, filmlerdeki perfloroalkilietilalkol oranı arttıkça bağıl nemin daha yüksekdeğerlerine doğru kaydı. Suyun emilim ve geri verilimi arasında, filmin geri verilimzaman aralığında önceki yarı kristal formuna dönememesinden kaynaklanan bir histerioluştu. Polimer film emilim öncesi formunu ısıtarak kurutma sonrasında alabildi. PEGince filmlerinin aseton ve metanol buharına olan tepkisi vakum altında farklı basınçlardadoğru akım ölçümleri ile gözlemlendi. Polimerin iletkenliği artan basınçla birlikte arttı vebu artış 1100 Pa'da önemli bir değere ulaştı. Dielektrik sabitleri arasındaki farktan dolayı,aseton akımın metanolden 10 kat fazla artışına sebep oldu. 75
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
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handle: 1822/86704
Cartilage repair after a trauma or a degenerative disease like osteoarthritis (OA) continues to be a big challenge in modern medicine due to the limited self-regenerative capacity of the articular cartilage tissues. To overcome the current clinical limitations, tissue engineering has focused on new therapeutical procedures and materials capable of restoring most native tissue functionalities through temporary polymeric scaffolding, often using stem cells. In recent years, marine-origin materials have emerged as a sustainable alternative to mammalian counterparts to develop various types of scaffolds, including hydrogels, membranes, cryogels, and 3D printed scaffolds. The thesis presents a complete and deep characterization of the selected marine polymers [i.e., jellyfish collagen (jCOL), shark skin collagen (sCOL), squid pens chitosan (sCHT), brown algae fucoidan (aFUC), and shark chondroitin sulfate (sCS)], which were used to develop different biomaterials using innovative processing. The compressive and absorption methodology used to produce hydrogels showcased their potential for developing implantable scaffolds, also inspiring the production of molded membranes. Likewise, cryogels were also explored as injectable polymeric materials, as well as inks enabling the production of 3D printed scaffolds. These biomaterials were characterized regarding morphology, structural integrity, protein and biochemical contents, thermal and molecular properties, water uptake capacity, and degradation properties, as well as assessing their mechanical behavior. Furthermore, the biomaterials demonstrated an interesting microenvironment in in vitro studies for cultured chondrocyte cell lines (ATDC5), primary human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), or immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) expressing human telomerase (hTERT), supporting cell viability and proliferation. Overall, this thesis allowed the development of several advanced marine-based biomaterial scaffolds, comprising both cell seeding and encapsulation strategies, as well as to be used as implantable and injectable materials for their future use in biomedical applications as regenerative tissue material for different stages/grade deterioration of damaged cartilage tissues. A regeneração de tecidos de cartilagem após trauma ou doença degenerativa continua a ser um grande desafio para a medicina moderna devido à sua limitada capacidade de auto-regeneração. De modo a ultrapassar as atuais limitações, a engenharia de tecidos tem-se focado em novos procedimentos terapêuticos e materiais com capacidade de restaurar as funcionalidades dos tecidos originais. Nos últimos anos, materiais de origem marinha surgiram como uma alternativa sustentável aos de mamíferos para o desenvolvimento de vários tipos de scaffolds, como hidrogéis, membranas, criogéis e impressões de scaffolds 3D. Neste sentido, esta tese inclui uma caracterização completa dos polímeros marinhos selecionados [ou seja, colagénio de medusa (jCOL), colagénio de tubarão (sCOL), quitosano de lulas (sCHT), fucoidano de algas castanhas (aFUC) e sulfato de condroitina de tubarão (sCS)], usados para o desenvolvimento de diferentes biomateriais com processos inovadores. A metodologia de compressão e absorção utilizada para a produção de hidrogéis mostrou o seu potencial para o desenvolvimento de scaffolds implantáveis, inspirando também a produção de membranas. Da mesma forma, também foram explorados criogéis como materiais injetáveis, bem como inks para a produção de scaffolds impressos em 3D. Estes biomateriais foram caracterizados quanto à sua morfologia, integridade estrutural, concentração de proteína, bioquímicos, propriedades térmicas e moleculares, capacidade de absorção de água e de degradação, bem como a avaliação de seu comportamento mecânico. Além disso, os biomateriais demonstraram um microambiente interessante em estudos in vitro em linhas celulares de condrócitos (ATDC5), células estaminais derivadas de tecido adiposo humano (hASCs) ou células-estaminais mesenquimais humanas imortalizadas (MSC), suportando a sua viabilidade e proliferação. Globalmente, esta tese permitiu o desenvolvimento de vários tipos de scaffolds com base em materiais marinhos, explorando estratégias de semeadura e encapsulamento celular, bem como para serem usados como materiais implantáveis e injetáveis para seu uso futuro em aplicações biomédicas em diferentes estágios/grau de deterioração de tecidos cartilaginosos danificados. Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for all my financial support through a Ph.D. grant (PD/BD/143044/2018) and exceptional scholarship Covid-19 (COVID/BD/153028/2022). Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia de Tecidos, Medicina Regenerativa e Células Estaminais
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citations | 0 | |
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influence | Average | |
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Increasing environmental pressures have driven a renewed interest in the open rotor concept. However, their large noise emissions have limited their integration to modern aircraft. Therefore, to ensure designs meet current and future noise emission targets, the effects of various design choices must be understood from the preliminary design stage. As a result, this research performs a parametric study of the effect of blade count and tip speed on open rotor noise. Considering a large number of design combinations of both tip speed and blade count, low-order models are used to demonstrate the strong coupling between open rotor noise and these design features. It is shown that generally, the noise reduces for increasing blade count and decreasing tip speed. However, due to the strong interactions between blade rows, this is not a simple relation. A number of optimisations of the open rotor configuration are also presented. These further highlight the complex relationship between the noise and the open rotor configuration. The optimisations also demonstrate the ability to reduce open rotor noise at the terminal areas under additional constraints.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
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handle: 11454/84329
SUMMARY Purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between molecular weight properties and physical properties of PETKIM HDPE homopolymer PETILEN YY S0464 and its ideal molecular weight and physical properties. Two type HDPE homopolymers which had different molecular weights and physical properties produced in two reactors operated under the specified conditions were blended in the specified ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) to prepare seven samples. Seven sample molecular weight properties (Mg^/M^ Mz/Mw, Mz+1, Mp, Mn, %, Mz, Mv, dispersity, intrinsic viscosity) were determined by using gel permeation chromatography and their physical properties (Melt flow rate, density, Izod impact strength, Olsen stiffness, tensile strength at yield point, tensile strength and elongation at break point, Nonnewtonian index, environmental stress cracking resistance, melting point, Vicat softening point) were determined according to ASTM. Then, to determine relationships between above mentioned properties, graphics were prepared. Using these graphics and melt flow rate range defined for PETILEN YY S0464, ideal molecular weight properties and physical properties for PETILEN YY S0464 were determined. 74 ABSTRACT Purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between molecular weight properties and physical properties of PETKİM HDPE homopolymer PETİLEN YY S0464, and using these relationships and melt flow rate range defined for PETİLEN YY S0464 to determine its ideal molecular weight and physical properties. ABSTRAKT Bu çalışma, PETKİM Petrokimya Holding A.Ş. Aliağa Yüksek Yoğunluklu Polietilen Fabrikası'nda üretilmekte olan, yüksek yoğunluklu polietilen homopolimeri PETİLEN YY S0464 türünün molekül ağırlığı özellikleriyle fiziksel özellikleri arasındaki ilişkisini belirlemek, bu ilişkileri ve söz konusu tür için tanımlanmış olan erime akış hızı aralığını dikkate alarak, ideal molekül ağırlığı ve fiziksel özelliklerini tesbit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. II 74
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ABSTRACT DEVELOPMENT OF A PREPROCESSOR FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND A POSTPROCESSOR FOR EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF PNEUMATIC TIRES Korkmaz, Hakan M. S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy July 1999, 146 pages Although the pneumatic tire may look like a rather simple inflated rubber component of most unguided ground vehicles, in reality it has a complex structure and performs complicated tasks. Since the preprocessors of commercial finite element softwares are for general purposes, the creation of a tire model and subsequent modifications may be a long and tedious job. Checking the created model for possible errors presents further difficulties. In this thesis, to overcome these problems, a tire preprocessor for the special purpose of creating and editing a tire finite element model is constructed. The preprocessor allows the user to define geometry and construction of the tire in two dimensions. Geometric and material inproperties of the tire are entered through the preprocessor. Boundary and contact conditions are specified in order to perform static and quasi-static analysis in three dimensions. Property values that are related with tire analysis can be edited easily throughout the preprocessor facilitating the examinination of the effect of tire parameters of interest. The results from the static and quasi-static finite element analysis should be compared with the experimental tire data for justification and further development. For this purpose, postprocessor for the existing experimental tire setup is also developed. For the postprocessor, the so-called `magic formula`, which is a semi- emprical formula, is taken to be the base model ibr the implementation of tire cornering force characteristics. The postprocessor uses the measured data to determine the coefficients of the magic formula for the specified tire and then provides facilities for the presentation of the data in carpet graph form. Keywords: Preprocessor, Postprocessor, Pneumatic Tires, Tire Cornering Force Characteristics, Tire Testing. IV oz PNÖMATİK LASTİKLERİN SONLU ELEMANLAR ANALİZİ İÇİN ÖN İŞLEMCİ VE DENEYSEL ANALİZİ İÇİN SON İŞLEMCİ GELİŞTİRİLMESİ Korkmaz, Hakan Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Y. Samim Ünlüsoy Temmuz 1999, 146 sayfa Pnömatik lastik yol taşıtlarının, şişirilmiş basit bir parçası olarak görünse de, gerçekte karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir ve ağır görevler yapar. Ticari sonlu elemanlar programlarının ön işlemcileri genel amaçlar için geliştirildiğinden, lastik modelinin yaratılması ve daha sonra olası değişikliklerin yapılması, uzun ve yorucu bir süreçtir. Yaratılmış modelin olası hatalar için kontrol edilmesi de oldukça zor bir işlemdir. Bu tezde, anılan problemlere çözüm olarak, lastiğin sonlu elemanlar modelinin yaratılması ve düzenlenmesi için özel amaçlı bir lastik ön işlemcisi geliştirilmiştir. Ön işlemci, lastiğin geometrisinin iki boyutta tanımlanmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Lastiğin geometrik ve malzeme özellikleri ön işlemci yoluyla girilir. Üç boyutta statik ve sanki statik analiz yapabilmek için, sınır ve temas koşulları belirtilir. Lastikanalizi ile bağlantılı olan özellik değerleri, ön işlemci yoluyla kolayca düzenlenebilir ve ilgilenilen lastik parametreleri incelenebilir. Statik ve sanki statik sonlu eleman analizinin sonuçları, doğrulanması ve modelin daha da iyileştirilmesi için deneysel lastik verileriyle karşılaştırılmalıdır. Bu amaçla, tez çalışması içinde mevcut lastik deney düzeneği için bir son işlemci de geliştirilmiştir. Ön işlemcide deneysel değerlerin, lastiğin yan kuvvet karakteristikleri olarak sunulabilmesi için, günümüzde yaygın olarak uygulanan yarı empirik `Magic Formula` kullanılmıştır. Denenen bir lastik için ölçülen değerler son işlemci kullanılarak Magic formulanın katsayıları hesaplanmaktadır. Daha sonra bu katsayılar sayesinde, lastiğin yan kuvvet karakteristikleri `Carpet Graph` formatmda sunulmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ön işlemci, Son işlemci, Pnömatik Lastikler, Lastik Yan Kuvvet Karakteristikleri, Lastik Deneyi. vı 146