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Background and Objectives: Academic burnout negatively affects students and those around them in terms of subjective well-being, psychology, and physiology. This study aims to determine academic burnout and its related factors in students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 274 medical students studying in second and higher semesters in Qom University of Medical Sciences, 2015. The samples were selected using stratified sampling method. The Breso et al.'s Academic Burnout Inventory and demographic characteristics questionnaire were completed by students. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate analysis of variance at significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 21.9±3.7 years and the mean score of academic burnout was 1.73±0.64 (range:0-4). According to the results of multivariate analysis of variance, there were statically significant relationships between academic burnout and variables of residence status and interest in the academic discipline (p<0.05). In addition, the results of Pearson correlation coefficient were indicative of an inverse statistical correlation between academic burnout status and the variables of age (r=-166, p<0.0001) and educational status (r=-0.242, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Considering the significant relationship between grade point average and interest in academic discipline with all subscales, planning to create a positive attitude towards academic discipline in students can be a protective factor against academic burnout as well as improvement of educational status.

Abstract Background: Resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts causes recurrence of the disease; so, the patient should be monitored regularly ،The aim of the study was to examine the effect of a few herbal materials on Acanthamoeba cysts in vitro. Materials and Methods: Essential oils (EOs) of Zataria, Mint, and Oregano were prepared by steam distillation. The EOs and Hypericum perforatum extract were prepared in three concentrations (0.6%, 1% and 10%)، Acanthamoeba cysts in various time intervals (30, 60, 120, 180 and 1440 minutes) were exposed with plant extracts. Then, the viability of parasite was investigated by eosin 0.1%. Results: Comparison of the parasite mortality rate between control and case groups showed that the mortality of Acanthamoeba cysts was higher in the case groups that exposed to herbal materials. At the equal concentration (10%) and time (24 h), the Zataria and mint EOs produced the highest (22%) and lowest (4%) mortality, respectively. The results showed the mortality rate of Acanthamoeba was time-dependent. Conclusion: Zataria showed the most fatality effect against Acanthamoeba cysts. In this respect, clinical trial studies are suggested.

Aerogels consist of low density open-cell foams with large void spaces of nanometer pore size and they are composed of sparsely semi-colloidal nanometer sized particles forming open porous structures. The high porosity and nanometer pores and particles of aerogels have interesting properties such as low thermal conductivity and low sound transmission. The main disadvantages of conventional method for preparation of aerogels are high cost of resorcinol, long preparation time and high cost of supercritical drying device. The previous research showed that sol-gel polymerization lower than temperature of normal boiling point of solvent, and a 50°C difference in temperature between the novolac resin synthesis and the temperature of curing novolac resin is the main reason for long sol-gel polymerization time. A low temperature polymerization is used for prevention of solvent evaporation and foam blowing process. The objectives of this research were to reduce time and cost in the production process of organic aerogels. To reduce the cost of raw materials, the reaction of a low cost commercial novolac resin and HMTA were used for preparation of the gel. To reduce gelation time, the polymerization was performed in an atmosphere of solvent saturated-vapor as a novel method to restrict sol-gel polymerization of curing novolac resin at appropriate temperature. The investigation showed that the polymerization carried out in solvent-saturated vapor did help to reduce polymerization time to 5 h from 5 days duration in conventional reactions without any visible shrinkage under ambient pressure and temperature. Furthermore, the compressive strength increased by one order of magnitude besides other achievements.Aerogels comprise class of low density open-cell foams with large void space, nanometer pore size and they are composed of sparsely semi-colloidal nanometer sized particles forming open porous structures. The high porosity and nanometer pores and particles of aerogels results interesting properties such as low thermal conductivity and low sound propagation speed. The main disadvantages of conventional method for preparation of aerogels are high cost of resorcinol, long preparation time and high cost of supercritical drying device. The previous research showed that sol-gel polymerization lower than temperature of standard boiling point of solvent, also 50 °C differences between appropriate temperatures for curing novolac resin and the performed temperature of curing novolac resin is the main reason for long time of sol-gel polymerization. The low temperature polymerization used for prevention of solvent evaporation and solution blowing. The objectives of this research are reducing time and cost in the production process of organic aerogels. To reduce the cost of raw material, the reaction of low cost commercial novolac resin and HMTA were used for preparation of gel. To reduce gelation time, the polymerization in saturated atmosphere of vaoer of solvent as a novel method for domination of restriction sol-gel polymerization temperature curing novolac resin in appropriate temperature is proposed. The investigation shows that the polymerization in saturated atmosphere of solvent vapor, reducing time of polymerization from 5 days to 5 hours without any observable shrinkage in ambient atmosphere. Furthermore, the compressive strength increased one order and it’s other important achievements of this research.

Abstract Background: The problem of learning disabilities is the reason of academic backwardness of students and dyslexia is considered the most common of these disorders.Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the comparison of the effectiveness of mental rotation and phonological awareness training on reading performance of students with dyslexia. Materials and Methods: The design of the study was quasi-experimental in pre-test and post- test with control group. Statistical population composed of all dyslexic students in the city of Tabriz in 2015-2016. The sample of present research consisted of 45 students with dyslexia who were selected via available sampling and then were assigned randomly to experimental) phonological awareness and mental rotation training) and control groups(n=15 in each). To collect data, revised Wechsler intelligence scale for children and reading improvement and dyslexia test were used. Multivariate Covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results: Findings indicated that scores of mental rotation and phonological awareness training have a significant effect on reading performance of dyslexic students compared with control group (p0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that mental rotation and phonological awareness training are effective on accuracy, speed and comprehension of reading in students with dyslexia.

Background and Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between lifestyle and life expectancy with psychological well-being in patients with multiple sclerosis. Material and Methods: The research method was correlational. The study population consisted of all 19-40 year olds MS patients living in Tehran. Among them, 234 patients were selected based on convenience sampling from the MS Society of Tehran and Sina hospital. Results: The results of regression coefficients showed that life style coefficient alone was 0.666 and with the emergence of the second variable in the second stage, the share of lifestyle variable was 0.617 and life expectancy variable was with a coefficient of 0.522. All independent variables of the research also had a significant (P≤ 0.01) confidence in the prediction of the dependent variable with 99% confidence. Also, there was a positive relationship between lifestyle and psychological well-being between the two variables. Conclusion: According to the results of the current study, lifestyle and life expectancy can predict psychological well-being in patients with MS.

Objectives Today healthcare problems of the elderly has gained new and extensive dimensions in the community due to their increased population. According to statistics, depression is one of the most important psychological problems in the elderly that needs attention. We aimed to investigate the effect of recreation therapy on depression in older adults. Methods & Materials In this quasi-experimental study, 200 elderly over 60 years of age who attended Yas daycare center in Tehran and met the inclusion criteria were included. The subjects were assigned to intervention (n=32) and control (n=32) groups randomly. The intervention group received 10 recreation therapy sessions over 10 weeks. Depression was measured before and just after intervention and also two weeks after intervention in both groups. The research instruments included GDS, AMT and ADL questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS software; Chi-square, independent T, Mann-Whitney, Generelized Estimating Equations Model and Shapiro-wilk tests were used as appropriated. Results The mean±SD depression score in the intervention group before intervention, after intervention and at follow-up were 5.78±4.2, 2.59±2.12, 3.03±2.2, respectively. The corresponding fugires in the control group were 5.20±3.01, 5.16±2.9, and 5±2.8, respectively (P=0.001). We found no significant difference in the level of depression before intervention between the intervention and control groups (P=0.932). However, a significant difference existed between pre- and post-test (P=0.001) and pre-test and follow-up in the intervention group (P=0.007). Due to Generelized Estimating Equations Model in the intervention group there was a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test and follow-up (P0.05). Conclusion Recreation therapy significantly improved depression in the elderly.

مقدمه: با توجه به برنامه های کشوری کنترل جمعیت ، مصرف قرص های ضـد بـارداری خـوراکی در میـان خانم های سنین باروری رواج پیدا نموده است . علی رغم بی خطر بودن این قـرص هـا در قریـب بـه اکثریـت موارد، عوارض نادری به دنبال مصرف آنها گزارش شده و حتی در تعدادی از بیماری ها منع مـصرف دارنـد از جمله بیماری هایی که مصرف قرص های ضدبارداری به عنوان عامل مساعد کننده ایجاد آنها مطـرح شـده اند پیتیریازیس ورسیکالر می باشد که علی رغم ذکر این رابطه هیچ مطالعه جامعی در این رابطه انجـام نـشده است. لذا بر آن شدیم تا رابطه بین مصرف OCP را با این بیماری بررسی نماییم. روش کار: در این مطالعه مورد شاهدی از میان زنان مراجعه کننده به درمانگاه پوست بیمارستان امـام رضـا (ع) مشهد از مهر 1383 تا مهر 62 ، 1384 نفر مبتلا به پیتیریازیس ورسیکالر و 124 نفر از همان گروه سنی به عنوان کنترل مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند . تشخیص بیماری بر اساس بالینی و اسمیر مستقیم و لامپ وود بود ، اطلاعات حاصله توسـط پرسـشنامه هـایی جمـع آوری شـدند و نتـایج بـا کمـک نـرم افـزار امـاری SPSS و آزمون های آماری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج: شایع ترین گروه سنی 20-29 سال بود (90/3 ، (%46/2% مبتلایان ساکن شهر و شغل اکثر آنها خانـه داری بود . رابطه ای بین محل سکونت و شغل بیمار با ابتلاء به پیتیریازیس ورسیکار به دسـت نیامـد (P=0.59) . شـایع ترین فرم بالینی ضایعه نوع هیپرپیگمانته و بیشتر در قسمت فوقانی بدن بود . 41/6% بیماران در مقابل 7/3% گـروه کنترل سابقه خانوادگی مثبت این بیمـاری را داشـتند . 24/2% گـروه مـورد و 24/2% گـروه کنتـرل OCP مـصرف می کردند که با توجه به PV=1 رابطه معنی داری بین مصرف OCP و ابتلا به بیماری پیتیریـازیس ورسـیکالر بـه دست نیامد . تمام موارد قرص ضد بارداری از نوع LD مصرف می کردند. نتیجه گیری: به نظر نمی رسد OCP عامل خطری برای ابتلاء به پیتیریازیس ورسیکالر باشد به منظور کنترل این بیماری ضرورتی برای قطع OCP یا تعویض روش جلوگیری از بارداری بیمار وجود ندارد . حتـی ممکـن است OCP با مکانیسم کاهش ترشح سبوم نقش محافظتی هم در برابر این بیماری داشته باشد .

Background & Objectives: Nitrate and nitrite compounds pollution of groundwater resources in recent years which recently their mean concentration due to enhancement of different kind of municipal, industrial and agriculture waste water, were increased. The most common source of nitrates entering the water include chemical fertilizers and animal manure in agriculture, septic tank effluent, wastewater, wastewater treatment plants, animal and plant residue analysis on the ground of non-sanitary disposal of solid waste and the use of absorbing wells for sewage disposal. Materials and methods: This experimental study is applied to the nitrate removal using chitosan in laboratory scale at ambient temperature and the design of the system was Batch. Effects of parameters such as pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent concentration of nitrate on nitrate removal from aqueous solution was studied. Results: Function of chitosan in synthetic aqueous solution and drinking water according to the slurry system results, the optimum condition was obtained at pH=4, 20 min contact time and increasing the initial concentration of nitrate enhance the adsorption capacity of chitosan. Also optimum dosage of adsorbent was obtained at 0.5 g/l. The data obtained from the experiments of adsorbent isotherm were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmuir equation was found to be the best fitness with the experimental data (R2>0.93). Conclusion: Although efficiency of Nitrate removal in synthetic aqueous solution was better than drinking water, adsorption process using chitosan as an option for the design and selection nitrate removal should be considered in order to achieve environmental standards.

Background & Objectives: Over 150 different surgical techniques for treatment of anterior shoulder instability has been suggested that there is no consensus in the orthopedics. This study seeks to compare treatment outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart lesion repair methods with Bristow - Latarjet open surgical technique in patients with anterior shoulder instability. Methods: In this cross-sectional study all patients with recurrent shoulder dislocation from 2009-2011 was divided into two groups, arthroscopic Bankart treatment (28 cases) and open Bristow - Latarjet (26 cases) that all were treated by one orthopedic surgeon. Patients were visited in 2,4,6,8 weeks also in the third and sixth month post-op .The visual analog scale (VAS) for patient satisfaction and Walsch-duplay and Rowe score for functional outcomes of treatment were used in six months follow up. These three criteria were analyzed again after recalling the patients. Results: Mean age of 54 patients was 29.46±9.16 years and mean follow-up duration was 23.28 ± 6.2 months. Scores of patients in both groups were not statistically different after analyzing the functional outcomes of treatment by Walsch-duplay and Rowe score after six months and final follow-up. Scores of patients by Walsch-duplay measurement in arthroscopic Bankart and Bristow-Latarjet groups were 98.03±4.37 and 97.88±4.51 respectively and by Rowe index were 97.32±5.52 vs. 97.88±4.51at final follow-up. No recurrence was observed in both groups in final follow up. Patient satisfaction in Bankart and operation groups were 9.4 ±0.68 and 9.47±0.58 (p= 0.69). Conclusion: In anterior shoulder instability, minimally invasive Arthroscopic Bankart procedures almost equal to open Bristow-Latarjet method with regards to shoulder stability, recurrence rate, and range of motion.

Background & objectives: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of mortality and disability around the world. Determination of the health status and spatial and temporal patterns of the disease prevalence has a major role in health planning. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of CAD in Ardabil Province. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed using the data belonging to 60156 patients with history of hospital admission due to CAD in Ardabil Province during 2010-2015. Hospitalization Rate (HR) was calculated after classification of the data in terms of location and date of hospitalization. The spatiotemporal and demographic variables, including age, gender, type of CAD, periods and duration of hospitalization were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ANOVA and repeated measures in SPSS v23 statistical software. Spatial distribution maps were drawn for each month and year in ArcGIS 10.2. Results: Of 60156 hospitalized patients with CAD diagnosis, men (58%) were more in number than women (42%). The majority of hospitalized patients fell in the age range 60-69 years (25.3%), and 92.40% of patients were hospitalized for less than 7 days. An ascending pattern was observed in temporal hospitalization trend in Khalkhal and a descending trend in Ardabil. The lowest hospitalization rate, however, was observed in Kosar city despite the ascending trend. During the research period, the greatest decline in hospitalization rate was observed in temporal trend in Bilasuvar, Meshkinshahrand Namin cities, and the largest increase was observed in Germi, Pars-Abad and Kosar cities. Conclusion: By using the comprehensive technology, GIS, spatiotemporal distribution and CAD trend during 2011-2015 were modeled in Ardabil province. Spatiotemporal trend of CAD in Ardabil province and allied cities indicated the necessity of paying more attention and studying community for further prevention of the disease. Community-based interventions should be implemented for prevention of risk factors of CAD during childhood and adolescence especially in the districts with high risk.