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The aim of the study was to analyze the most significant studies representing the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment of patients with breast cancer (BC) during the CO VID -19 pandemic.Material and Methods. The search for relevant sources was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science systems, publications for 2019–2020 were studied, 48 of which were used to write this review.Results. During the CO VID -19 pandemic, it is necessary to suspend screening examinations for a certain period of time; patients with early and metastatic breast cancer should be transferred to outpatient treatment in the LU s located in their place of residence. Examinations and consultations of patients undergoing hormone therapy should be postponed or carried out using telemedicine technologies. Treatment of breast cancer patients during a pandemic should be carried out according to clinical guidelines and protocols, but minimizing the number of visits to the hospitals.Conclusion. The pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (CO VID -19) is a serious problem for healthcare and professionals around the world. All treatment decisions must be based on risks and benefits in the context of each stage of the pandemic, on an individual basis and taking into account the preferences of patients.

Detailed, systematic review of the world literature data, including all aspects that reflect the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the oncological practice was conducted. The information sources were taken from Pubmed, MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, and RSCI systems. The data from retrospective and prospective clinical trials have been analyzed. This review presents current data on the impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients, mortality and prognosis of cancer patients infected with COVID-19, treatment options for COVID-19, as well as the case report of the cancer patient with rare atypical COVID-19 course of disease. To date, the groups of increased risk of being infected with a new coronavirus have been identified. These groups include cancer patients. Despite the pandemic, treatment of cancer patients must be continued, since the presence of a tumor process does not allow the therapy to be delayed. The world cancer community is actively continuing to develop recommendations for optimal management of cancer patients in the context of the pandemic. The most relevant of them are described in this article.

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic of the new millennium. COVID-19 can cause both pulmonary and systemic infammation, and can rapidly progress to multiple organ failure. Data on the relationship between COVID-19 and the thyroid gland have been available since March 2020. The thyroid gland and viral infection as well as associated infammatory-immune reactions participate in a complex interaction. The most common autoimmune disease is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, Hashimoto thyroiditis). The majority of medullary thyroid cancers present as a thyroid nodule. Cervical lymph nodes and distant metastases are often detected at the time of diagnosis. The development of autoantibodies may be part of a more complex protective antitumor mechanism, the purpose of which is to eliminate the precursors of future tumor cells. The purpose of the study was to describe a clinical case of diagnosing medullary thyroid cancer in the patient who had COVID-19. Case description. We present the case of a 43-year-old woman who had coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), which was accompanied by an increase in serum procalcitonin (PC) level, which required additional examination. Since 2020, she had been observed for autoimmune thyroiditis, which was manifested by a thyroid nodular of a small size. After discharge from the COVID hospital, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland revealed an increase in the left lobe thyroid nodule up to 15 mm. The level of calcitonin was 681 pg/ml. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the thyroid gland showed suspicion for medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection (level VI) was performed. A planned histological examination of the surgical specimen confrmed medullary thyroid cancer. Conclusion. In the present clinical case, medullary thyroid cancer was detected in the patient who had COVID-19 with elevated PC level, which was the basis for a diagnostic search.

The novel corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) is currently a global threat. Cancer patients constitute a group that is at high risk of covid-19 infection with a more severe disease course and higher mortality rate. Case description. We report a case of covid-19 occurring concurrently with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) in a young male patient. After verification of the morphological and immunophenotypic profiles of leukemia, the patient receivedall treatment (all-2009 protocol) with concurrent administration of antiviral and antibacterial drugs, as well as immunoglobin replacement therapy. Neutropenia caused by cytostatic treatment led to the progression of lung damage and respiratory failure, which required the withdrawal of cytostatic drugs. The patient was transferred to the intensive care department, where dexamethasone therapy as well as antibacterial and antifungal therapy was continued. Since the lung damage reached 75 % and respiratory failure began to increase, non-invasive ventilation of the lungs was started. Clinical and hematological remission with hematologic recovery and subsequent pneumonia regression was achieved. However, long-term persistence of the virus was observed, and therefore the strategy for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia was revised. Maintenance therapy with mercaptopurine and methotrexate was administered. After elimination of the virus on the 56th day from the initial positive test, therapy according to the all-2009 protocol was continued. Conclusion. The tactics of treating cancer patients with hemoblastosis during a pandemic should be selected individually with an assessment of the potential benefits and risk of life-threatening complications.

The aim of the study was to assess the lung cancer incidence and mortality in the Khanty-mansi autonomous okrug – Yugra during the period 1999–2019.Material and methods. We have studied the lung cancer incidence and mortality rates in Yugra over the last 21 years (1999–2019).Results. In Yugra, the lung cancer (lc) incidence rates increased by 24.7 % from 1999 to 2019, demonstrating higher rates than those in the Russian Federation (RF), where lc incidence rates decreased by 20.3 %. In 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate was 30.5 per 100,000 (22.7 for RF); the age-standardized mortality rate was 16.4 per 100,000 (18.4 for RF). The mortality rate from lc in Yugra was 9.6 times higher in males than in females (35.5 vs. 3.7 per 100,000). The cross-correlation analysis revealed a correlation between the lc incidence/mortality and air pollution in Yugra. The main carcinogens in Yugra were formaldehyde, phenol, nitrogen dioxide, and benzapyrene. The assessment of the relationship between the age-standardized lc incidence/mortality rates and the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere revealed that their synergistic effects with tobacco smoking can double the risk of lung cancer development. The increase in the number of chest computed tomography (ct) scans performed in the context of the pandemic caused by covid-19 infection led to an 18 % increase in the number of incidentally detected pulmonary nodules, of which 9 % of cases were diagnosed as lc.Conclusion. The lc incidence rates in Yugra tended to increase. The high rate of lc incidence is caused by man-made and natural factors, which requires the implementation of a screening program with the use of low-dose computed tomography in order to improve the early detection and prevention of this disease.

The aim. To analyze the blood levels of endothelin-1 (ET -1) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) in patients with breast cancer (BC) previously infected with the new coronavirus.Material and methods. The study group included 20 patients with stage II -IV BC (invasive carcinoma). All patients were receiving chemotherapy at the time of their SA RS-CoV-2 infection. The comparison group included 19 women without breast cancer, who were matched for age. All women of both groups had an RT-PC R confirmed SA RS-Cov-2 infection. Blood levels of ET -1 and HMWK were measured by ELISA 3–10 weeks after the positive antigen test results. The control group included 10 women of the same age without cancer and without CO VID -19 symptoms and anti-SA RS-CoV-2 antibodies.Results. The ET -1 levels in the comparison group were within the reference range, while HMWK levels were significantly higher than those in breast cancer patients. In BC patients with lung metastases, the ET -1 levels were higher than those in the comparison group patients, while in others (no history of lung metastases, with mild infection course or pneumonia), the ET -1 levels were similar to those in the comparison and control groups. The HMWK levels in the study and comparison groups were significantly higher than those in controls. Among BC patients, there were women who had significantly higher ET -1 and HMWK levels compared to the reference levels, and the majority of these patients had lung metastases and previous CO VID -19 pneumonia.Conclusion. The measurement of HMWK blood levels demonstrated that the plasma contact activation system and the kallikrein-kinin system were active for a long period after the infection both in BC patients and in women without cancer. A high level of ET -1, the endothelial dysfunction marker, persisted for a long time in some BC patients. Our results were consistent with results of other studies supporting the hypothesis that SA RS-CoV-2 virus infection is a systemic vascular disease with long-term consequences, and its mechanisms require further study.

Background. During the COVID-19 pandemic, annual adult check-ups have been postponed, resulting in cancer screening disruption.The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the incidence and stage distribution of malignancies included in the screening program during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Arkhangelsk Regional Cancer Registry (ARRC).Material and Methods. We assessed the changes of the incidence rates and stage distribution for the colon, rectum, lung, breast, cervix, uterine body, ovary, prostate and kidney cancers over the periods 2018–19 and 2020–21. Results. A total of 12354 cases with 9 cancers were selected: 6680 for the period 2018–19 and 5674 (-15.1 %) for the period 2020-21. The most significant decrease in crude and age-standardized incidence rates was registered in patients with lung (-18.0–18.1 %), rectum (-25.1–25.9 %) and cervix (-33.6–36.9 %) cancers, p<0.001. The decrease was not signifcant in patients with breast, uterine body, and kidney cancers. The proportion of patients with stage I decreased in lung cancer (-20.0 %, from 14.8 % to 11.8 %), rectum (-20.2 %, from 20.9 % to 16.7 %), and uterine cervix (-37.1 %, from 53.2 % to 33.5 %). In prostate and kidney cancers, the proportion of patients with stage I increased by 30 % (from 19.5 % to 25.4 %) and 17.6 % (from 45.9 % to 54.0 %), respectively. A signifcant reduction in the proportion of early stages during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed in lung and cervical cancer. Conclusion Postponed health checkups due to COVID-19 pandemic disruptions have led to substantial reductions in new cancers being diagnosed, mainly for cervical, lung, colon and rectal cancers. No signifcant changes were observed for other cancers. Further analysis of mortality and survival of cancer patients is required. Key words: health checkup, cancer screening, COVID-19 pandemic, cancer incidence, stage distribution>˂0.001. The decrease was not significant in patients with breast, uterine body, and kidney cancers. The proportion of patients with stage I decreased in lung cancer (-20.0 %, from 14.8 % to 11.8 %), rectum (-20.2 %, from 20.9 % to 16.7 %), and uterine cervix (-37.1 %, from 53.2 % to 33.5 %). In prostate and kidney cancers, the proportion of patients with stage I increased by 30 % (from 19.5 % to 25.4 %) and 17.6 % (from 45.9 % to 54.0 %), respectively. A significant reduction in the proportion of early stages during the COVID-19 pandemic was observed in lung and cervical cancer.Conclusion. Postponed health checkups due to COVID-19 pandemic disruptions have led to substantial reductions in new cancers being diagnosed, mainly for cervical, lung, colon and rectal cancers. No significant changes were observed for other cancers. Further analysis of mortality and survival of cancer patients is required.