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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yinan Zhou; Pierre Kaser;

    Presentation Dernier rejeton d'une longue lignee d'homme de lettres, le jeune Zhang Dai 張岱 (1597-1681) connut l'opulence d'un riche lettre oisif, s'adonnant tout a loisir a sa passion pour la litterature et a son gout tres marque pour le theâtre avant de tout perdre au moment de la chute des Ming 明 (1644). Reste fidele a la defunte dynastie, il brava les interdits en en redigeant l'histoire. Depouille et traque, il eprouva la misere et la clandestinite, ce qui explique que la plupart de ses e...

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Impressions d’Extrême-Orient
    Article . 2017
    License: cc-by-nc-nd
    HAL AMU
    Article . 2017
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Impressions d’Extrême-Orient
      Article . 2017
      License: cc-by-nc-nd
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      Article . 2017
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Williams-Wanquet, Eileen;

    Communication à la Journée de recherche du CRLHOI "Texte et politique" en avril 2013 à l'Université de La Réunion; National audience; Indigo (1993) de Marina Warner, qui reprend, à la fois, l'Histoire coloniale anglaise et La Tempête de Shakespeare, illustre bien une des tendances de la littérature britannique des années 1980 et 1990, qui commente le monde à travers la révision de l'idéologie transmise par des « hypotextes » précis. Cet article vise à montrer la manière dont, pour reprendre les termes de Jacques Rancière, « la littérature fait de la politique en tant que littérature ». Ce que Rancière nomme le caractère propre-impropre de la littérature est ce qui lui permet d'avoir une portée politique, en « reconfigurant la carte du sensible ». J'utiliserai les trois temps décrits par Rancière pour éclairer la démarche de Warner : la « police », ou l'ordre établi, dans lequel Warner ancre son histoire de manière réaliste ; « la poli-tique », ou la remise en cause de cet ordre, par l'utilisation de procédés tels que l'ironie, l'inversion de point de vue, ou l'hypertextualité ; « le politique », ou l'appel éthique à un nouvel ordre utopique, par le recours à l'intertextualité, au réalisme magique ou à la symbolique. La réécriture de l'idéologie transmise par l'hypotexte équivaut à une révision de l'hypotexte diffus de la Modernité.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Gerville-Réache, Léo;

    Pierre joue avec Paul à croix ou pile, avec cette condition que si Paul amène pile au premier coup, il donnera un écu à Pierre; s'il n'amène pile qu'au deuxième coup, deux écus; s'il n'amène pile qu'au troisième coup, quatre écus; au quatrième, huit écus; au cinquième, seize; et ainsi de suite jusqu'à ce que pile vienne; on demande l'espérance de Paul, ou ce qui est la même chose, ce qu'il doit demander à Pierre avant que le jeu commence, pour jouer avec lui à jeu égal, ou, comme on l'exprime d'ordinaire, pour son enjeu.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Rangel, Jhonnatan;

    L’ayapaneco, zoque ayapaneco ou numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) est une langue en danger appartenant à la famille mixe-zoque et parlée exclusivement dans l’état de Tabasco, au Mexique, par environ 11 personnes âgées entre 69 et 95 ans. L’ayapaneco est l’une des langues de cette famille la moins étudiée et la moins documentée. Depuis les années 1950, elle ne se transmet plus aux nouvelles générations et son utilisation est actuellement très limitée dans le quotidien des locuteurs. Cette thèse documente, décrit et analyse tant la situation sociolinguistique de l’ayapaneco que sa réalité linguistique, en particulier l’existence de variations linguistiques. Bien que la variation soit un phénomène inhérent à toutes les langues du monde, les langues en danger présentent des défis théoriques et méthodologiques pour l’analyse des variations. Après avoir expliqué les variations linguistiques et les mécanismes qui les caractérisent en ayapaneco, cette thèse propose d’apporter des éléments nouveaux qui n’étaient pas pris en considération auparavant pour l’étude de la variation linguistique d’une langue vivant une situation de danger critique comme l’ayapaneco. Ceci contribue à questionner les analyses traditionnelles et à impulser, à partir d’une analyse multifactorielle, des explications originales pour faire avancer nos connaissances sur la nature des variations et du changement linguistique dans les langues en danger. Ayapaneco, Zoque Ayapaneco or numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) is a critically endangered language spoken by approximately 11 people between the ages of 69- and 95-years-old in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Ayapaneco is the least studied and least documented language in the Mixe-Zoque family. The intergenerational transmission of the language was interrupted in the 1950s. Today, it has a very limited role in the daily language practices of its remaining speakers.This thesis documents, describes and analyzes the sociolinguistic situation of Ayapaneco as well as its linguistic characteristics, focusing on language variation. Although variation is a phenomenon inherent to all world languages, studying variation within the context of critically endangered languages presents specific theoretical and methodological challenges.After presenting the characteristics of language variation in Ayapaneco, this thesis offers new perspectives on the study of these variations in critically endangered languages. A multifactorial analysis is used to question traditional approaches and propose new insights, contributing to the fields of language variation and language change in the context of critically endangered languages.

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    Other literature type . 2019
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    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Bertrand Morandi; Francesca Marin; Isabel Urbina-Barreto; Adrien Comte; +17 Authors

    En novembre 2016, s’est tenue à Toliara, dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar, la deuxième école d’été australe sur la vulnérabilité du patrimoine récifal (EEA VulPaRe). Coorganisée par l’IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement, France) et l’IHSM (Institut halieutique et des sciences marines de l’Université de Toliara, Madagascar), cette formation a proposé une approche interdisciplinaire de la thématique des récifs coralliens. Elle a été dispensée sous la forme de cours magistraux, de pratiques de terrain et de débats portant sur les questions environnementales, de connaissance, de valorisation et de conservation de ces milieux. Les participants de l’EEA VulPaRe 2016 souhaitent, à travers le présent article, donner à la communauté scientifique un retour d’expérience critique sur une démarche originale de formation à la recherche interdisciplinaire. In November 2016, the Second Austral Summer School “Vulnerability of coral reefs heritage” (EEA VulPaRe 2016) took place at Toliara (Madagascar). The school was funded and organised by IRD (French Research Institute for Development) and IHSM (Institute of Halieutics and Marine Science, University of Toliara), and proposed an interdisciplinary approach to the study of coral reefs. Environmental issues, different types of knowledge and valorisation of coral reefs were addressed by means of lectures, seminars, discussions and fieldwork. In this paper, the participants of EEA VulPaRe 2016 provide a critical feedback on this original interdisciplinary research training.

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    Natures Sciences Sociétés
    Article
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Christelle Nguyen; Dominique Bazin; Michel Daudon; Aurore Chatron-Colliet; +7 Authors

    International audience; INTRODUCTION: Calcium-containing (CaC) crystals, including basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP), are associated with destructive forms of osteoarthritis (OA). We assessed their distribution and biochemical and morphologic features in human knee OA cartilage. METHODS: We prospectively included 20 patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) for primary OA. CaC crystal characterization and identification involved Fourier-transform infra-red spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy of 8 to 10 cartilage zones of each knee, including medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaux and the intercondyle zone. Differential expression of genes involved in the mineralization process between cartilage with and without calcification was assessed in samples from 8 different patients by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry and histology studies were performed in 6 different patients. RESULTS: Mean (SEM) age and body mass index of patients at the time of TKR was 74.6 (1.7) years and 28.1 (1.6) kg/m², respectively. Preoperative X-rays showed joint calcifications (chondrocalcinosis) in 4 cases only. The medial femoro-tibial compartment was the most severely affected in all cases, and mean (SEM) Kellgren-Lawrence score was 3.8 (0.1). All 20 OA cartilages showed CaC crystals. The mineral content represented 7.7% (8.1%) of the cartilage weight. All patients showed BCP crystals, which were associated with CPP crystals for 8 joints. CaC crystals were present in all knee joint compartments and in a mean of 4.6 (1.7) of the 8 studied areas. Crystal content was similar between superficial and deep layers and between medial and femoral compartments. BCP samples showed spherical structures, typical of biological apatite, and CPP samples showed rod-shaped or cubic structures. The expression of several genes involved in mineralization, including human homolog of progressive ankylosis, plasma-cell-membrane glycoprotein 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, was upregulated in OA chondrocytes isolated from CaC crystal-containing cartilages. CONCLUSIONS: CaC crystal deposition is a widespread phenomenon in human OA articular cartilage involving the entire knee cartilage including macroscopically normal and less weight-bearing zones. Cartilage calcification is associated with altered expression of genes involved in the mineralisation process.

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    Europe PubMed Central
    Article . 2013
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    Arthritis Research & Therapy
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      Europe PubMed Central
      Article . 2013
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      Arthritis Research & Therapy
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    Authors: Babay, Meissa;

    Le travail proposé dans ce manuscrit de thèse concerne le développement, la conception et l’implémentation d’une architecture originale et innovante d’un biocapteur RF actif dédié à la spectroscopie diélectrique hyperfréquence. Le capteur développé est basé sur une détection capacitive. Il permet de détecter, d’analyser et de discriminer des échantillons biologiques mis sous test telles que des cellules cancéreuses, en suspension dans un canal microfluidique, en fonction de leurs propriétés diélectriques. Il est capable de mesurer les différences existantes entre elles avec une très haute sensibilité. Le système de détection développé est basé sur deux oscillateurs LC verrouillés par injection, fonctionnant à une fréquence proche de 5 GHz et intégré sur un substrat silicium en technologie BiCMOS SiGe:C 0,25 μm de IHP. Le fonctionnement du circuit a été validé en premier lieu avec des simulations électriques et post-layout. Le système de détection proposé est capable d’atteindre, en travaillant en mode faible injection, les performances requises en ce qui concerne la sensibilité de détection (de l’ordre de 2 ppm), ce qui permet de pouvoir à termes détecter et caractériser avec précision les propriétés diélectriques de cellules biologiques. Un banc de mesure dédié a été développé une fois le prototype fabriqué afin de caractériser le circuit. Les expérimentations ont démontré que le dispositif présente des résultats de mesures prometteurs qui concordent avec les simulations. Cela démontre le fort potentiel de l'approche proposée permettant à termes de pouvoir détecter et mesurer des différences entre les éléments biologiques d’une manière non invasive. The proposed work presented in this thesis concerns the design and the implementation of an original and innovative architecture of an active RF biosensor dedicated to microwave dielectric spectroscopy. The developed sensor is based on capacitive detection. It is able to detect, analyze and discriminate biological samples, such as cancer cells, suspended in a microfluidic channel, according to their dielectric properties. It is capable of measuring the existing differences between them with a very high sensitivity. A detection system, based on two LC injection locked oscillators (ILOs) operating at a frequency close to 5 GHz and integrated on a silicon substrate using a BiCMOS SiGe: C 0.25 μm technology, was designed. The concept was at the first validated with electrical and post-layout simulations. The detection system is capable of achieving, in low injection mode, the required performance regarding the detection sensitivity (in the order of 2 ppm), which makes it possible to detect and characterize with precision the dielectric properties of biological cells. A dedicated measurement bench have been developed once the prototype manufactured in order to characterize the circuit. Experiments have demonstrated that the proposed circuit presents promising measurement results with a good agreement with simulations. This demonstrates the high potential of the proposed approach, which make it possible to detect and measure differences between biological elements in a non-invasive way.

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    Authors: Laurie Graffouillère; Mélanie Deschasaux; François Mariotti; Lola Neufcourt; +9 Authors

    Introduction et but de l’etude L’inflammation chronique est un mecanisme central implique dans quatre causes majeures de deces : les maladies cardiovasculaires, les cancers, le diabete et les maladies respiratoires chroniques. L’alimentation est une source majeure de composes bioactifs pro- et anti-inflammatoires. Le Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) a ete concu pour estimer le potentiel inflammatoire de l’alimentation. Notre objectif etait, pour la premiere fois, d’etudier les associations entre le DII et la mortalite et d’investiguer si une supplementation en antioxydants etait susceptible de moduler cette relation. Materiel et methodes L’etude SU.VI.MAX est un essai randomise en double-aveugle durant lequel les participants ont recu des antioxydants a dose nutritionnelle ou un placebo entre 1994 et 2002. Cette etude prospective observationnelle incluait 7 997 participants suivis entre 1994 et 2007 (suivi median de 12,4 ans). Le DII a ete calcule a partir d’enregistrements alimentaires de 24 h repetes ; un score plus eleve correspondant a un regime alimentaire plus pro-inflammatoire. Au cours du suivi, 184 deces ont ete enregistres dont 102 dus a un cancer et 41 a une maladie cardiovasculaire. Les associations ont ete caracterisees par des modeles multivaries de Cox a risques proportionnels. Resultats et analyse statistique Les tertiles de DII sexe-specifiques etaient positivement associes a la mortalite par cancers et maladies cardiovasculaires (RR T3 vs T1 = 1,53 [1,01–2,33], p = 0,04) et par cancer uniquement (RR T3 vs T1 = 1,84 [1,12–3,00], p = 0,01). La p -value correspondante pour toutes causes de mortalite etait de 0,07. Le DII etait significativement associe a une augmentation de la mortalite dans le groupe placebo de l’essai SU.VI.MAX (RR T3 vs T1 = 2,11 [1,15–3,85], p = 0,02), mais pas dans le groupe supplemente en antioxydants ( p = 0,8 ; P-interaction = 0,1). Conclusion Ces resultats suggerent qu’une alimentation pro-inflammatoire pourrait etre associee a une augmentation de la mortalite et que les antioxydants pourraient contrecarrer certains des effets pro-inflammatoires de l’alimentation.

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    Authors: Olivier Compagnon; Pierre Purseigle;

    The global history of the First World War is still in its early stages. This article proposes to contribute to its development by “de-Europeanizing” the historiography of the conflict and suggesting some of the ways scholars can move beyond “centers” and “peripheries” to combine different spatial scales of analysis. First, it demonstrates the need to look beyond the European theaters of the war and investigate spaces hitherto deemed to be marginal: despite their distance from the epicenter of the combat, these regions were traversed by tensions directly linked to the conflict and witnessed major transformations between 1914 and 1918. Second, it invites researchers to focus on elements such as the environment, natural resources, or diasporas, which make it possible to break out of a national framework of analysis and to do justice to the global impact of the Great War. This twofold approach underlines the value of a new geography of mobilization and belligerence, one that matches the diversity of experiences and reflects the truly global dimension of the First World War.

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    Other literature type . 2016
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    Authors: Bourbousson, Céline;

    Notre recherche propose d’appréhender la « mise en dispositif », au sens de Foucault (1977), de projets de polarisation territoriale dans le champ de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). Nous nous appuyons sur une analyse multi-niveaux qui se décline sous la forme : (1) d’une enquête qualitative sur l’élaboration du dispositif Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (PTCE) par les acteurs nationaux, (2) de deux études de cas auprès de deux de ces pôles en région Paca. Plus précisément, nous mobilisons la grille d’analyse du travail institutionnel pour cerner les pratiques mises en oeuvre par les deux PTCE pour s’approprier le dispositif dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel. Deux niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Le premier revient à éclairer le phénomène de banalisation du dispositif PTCE à l’échelle nationale, qui est d’abord caractérisé par une logique civique de développement territorial alternatif qui se voit ensuite remplacée par une logique gestionnaire de normalisation de l’ESS. Le second niveau de résultats consiste à caractériser les modalités d’appropriation de ce dispositif à l’échelle méso des deux cas analysés. Il en ressort que le PTCE qui parvient à survivre et à se développer est celui qui hybride les logiques civique et gestionnaire. Le second PTCE, très façonné par la logique civique, ne parvient pas à pérenniser son activité et suscite un rejet du dispositif, dont il ne partage aucunement l’intention stratégique. Conjuguer une posture critique à une analyse néo-institutionnaliste nous permet de dégager plusieurs apports théoriques. (1) Nous dessinons les contours conceptuels d’un nouveau type de dispositif que nous qualifions de normalisateur. (2) L’analyse du travail institutionnel dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel met en évidence un nouveau type de pratiques : celles qui ont trait à la résistance institutionnelle. Our research focuses on the adoption of a dispositive (Foucault, 1977) destinated to territorial polarization projects in the field of social and solidarity economy. We build on a multi-scalar approach which consists in : (1) a qualitative survey of the construction of the Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (“Territorial Cluster for Economic Cooperation”) policy by national actors, (2) two case studies of two of these clusters, selected in region Paca. More specifically, we build on the institutional work theory to characterize the practices deployed by the two TCECs in order to appropriate the dispositive in a context of institutional pluralism. Two levels of results are proposed. The first one sheds light on the banalisation process of the TCEC dispositive at the national level, which is first dominated by a civic logic of alternative territorial development that is then effaced by a a managerial logic of normalization of SSE. The second level of results consists in characterizing the modalities of appropriation of this dispositive at the meso scale of the two clusters analysed. It appears that the TCEC which manages to survive and develop is the one that hybridizes the civic and managerial logics. The other one, particularly shaped by the civic logic, doesn’t manage to perpetuate its activities and implies a reject of the dispositive, since it doesn’t share its strategic intention. Combining a critical approach and a neo-institutionalist analysis leads to several theoretical contributions. (1) We draw the outlines of a new type of dispositive that we conceptualize as a normalizing dispostive. (2) The analysis of institutional work in a context of institutional pluralism highlights a new type of practices : the ones which deal with institutional resistance.

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    Authors: Yinan Zhou; Pierre Kaser;

    Presentation Dernier rejeton d'une longue lignee d'homme de lettres, le jeune Zhang Dai 張岱 (1597-1681) connut l'opulence d'un riche lettre oisif, s'adonnant tout a loisir a sa passion pour la litterature et a son gout tres marque pour le theâtre avant de tout perdre au moment de la chute des Ming 明 (1644). Reste fidele a la defunte dynastie, il brava les interdits en en redigeant l'histoire. Depouille et traque, il eprouva la misere et la clandestinite, ce qui explique que la plupart de ses e...

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    Impressions d’Extrême-Orient
    Article . 2017
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    Article . 2017
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      Impressions d’Extrême-Orient
      Article . 2017
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      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Williams-Wanquet, Eileen;

    Communication à la Journée de recherche du CRLHOI "Texte et politique" en avril 2013 à l'Université de La Réunion; National audience; Indigo (1993) de Marina Warner, qui reprend, à la fois, l'Histoire coloniale anglaise et La Tempête de Shakespeare, illustre bien une des tendances de la littérature britannique des années 1980 et 1990, qui commente le monde à travers la révision de l'idéologie transmise par des « hypotextes » précis. Cet article vise à montrer la manière dont, pour reprendre les termes de Jacques Rancière, « la littérature fait de la politique en tant que littérature ». Ce que Rancière nomme le caractère propre-impropre de la littérature est ce qui lui permet d'avoir une portée politique, en « reconfigurant la carte du sensible ». J'utiliserai les trois temps décrits par Rancière pour éclairer la démarche de Warner : la « police », ou l'ordre établi, dans lequel Warner ancre son histoire de manière réaliste ; « la poli-tique », ou la remise en cause de cet ordre, par l'utilisation de procédés tels que l'ironie, l'inversion de point de vue, ou l'hypertextualité ; « le politique », ou l'appel éthique à un nouvel ordre utopique, par le recours à l'intertextualité, au réalisme magique ou à la symbolique. La réécriture de l'idéologie transmise par l'hypotexte équivaut à une révision de l'hypotexte diffus de la Modernité.

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    Authors: Gerville-Réache, Léo;

    Pierre joue avec Paul à croix ou pile, avec cette condition que si Paul amène pile au premier coup, il donnera un écu à Pierre; s'il n'amène pile qu'au deuxième coup, deux écus; s'il n'amène pile qu'au troisième coup, quatre écus; au quatrième, huit écus; au cinquième, seize; et ainsi de suite jusqu'à ce que pile vienne; on demande l'espérance de Paul, ou ce qui est la même chose, ce qu'il doit demander à Pierre avant que le jeu commence, pour jouer avec lui à jeu égal, ou, comme on l'exprime d'ordinaire, pour son enjeu.

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    Authors: Rangel, Jhonnatan;

    L’ayapaneco, zoque ayapaneco ou numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) est une langue en danger appartenant à la famille mixe-zoque et parlée exclusivement dans l’état de Tabasco, au Mexique, par environ 11 personnes âgées entre 69 et 95 ans. L’ayapaneco est l’une des langues de cette famille la moins étudiée et la moins documentée. Depuis les années 1950, elle ne se transmet plus aux nouvelles générations et son utilisation est actuellement très limitée dans le quotidien des locuteurs. Cette thèse documente, décrit et analyse tant la situation sociolinguistique de l’ayapaneco que sa réalité linguistique, en particulier l’existence de variations linguistiques. Bien que la variation soit un phénomène inhérent à toutes les langues du monde, les langues en danger présentent des défis théoriques et méthodologiques pour l’analyse des variations. Après avoir expliqué les variations linguistiques et les mécanismes qui les caractérisent en ayapaneco, cette thèse propose d’apporter des éléments nouveaux qui n’étaient pas pris en considération auparavant pour l’étude de la variation linguistique d’une langue vivant une situation de danger critique comme l’ayapaneco. Ceci contribue à questionner les analyses traditionnelles et à impulser, à partir d’une analyse multifactorielle, des explications originales pour faire avancer nos connaissances sur la nature des variations et du changement linguistique dans les langues en danger. Ayapaneco, Zoque Ayapaneco or numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) is a critically endangered language spoken by approximately 11 people between the ages of 69- and 95-years-old in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Ayapaneco is the least studied and least documented language in the Mixe-Zoque family. The intergenerational transmission of the language was interrupted in the 1950s. Today, it has a very limited role in the daily language practices of its remaining speakers.This thesis documents, describes and analyzes the sociolinguistic situation of Ayapaneco as well as its linguistic characteristics, focusing on language variation. Although variation is a phenomenon inherent to all world languages, studying variation within the context of critically endangered languages presents specific theoretical and methodological challenges.After presenting the characteristics of language variation in Ayapaneco, this thesis offers new perspectives on the study of these variations in critically endangered languages. A multifactorial analysis is used to question traditional approaches and propose new insights, contributing to the fields of language variation and language change in the context of critically endangered languages.

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    Other literature type . 2019
    HAL-IRD
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Bertrand Morandi; Francesca Marin; Isabel Urbina-Barreto; Adrien Comte; +17 Authors

    En novembre 2016, s’est tenue à Toliara, dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar, la deuxième école d’été australe sur la vulnérabilité du patrimoine récifal (EEA VulPaRe). Coorganisée par l’IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement, France) et l’IHSM (Institut halieutique et des sciences marines de l’Université de Toliara, Madagascar), cette formation a proposé une approche interdisciplinaire de la thématique des récifs coralliens. Elle a été dispensée sous la forme de cours magistraux, de pratiques de terrain et de débats portant sur les questions environnementales, de connaissance, de valorisation et de conservation de ces milieux. Les participants de l’EEA VulPaRe 2016 souhaitent, à travers le présent article, donner à la communauté scientifique un retour d’expérience critique sur une démarche originale de formation à la recherche interdisciplinaire. In November 2016, the Second Austral Summer School “Vulnerability of coral reefs heritage” (EEA VulPaRe 2016) took place at Toliara (Madagascar). The school was funded and organised by IRD (French Research Institute for Development) and IHSM (Institute of Halieutics and Marine Science, University of Toliara), and proposed an interdisciplinary approach to the study of coral reefs. Environmental issues, different types of knowledge and valorisation of coral reefs were addressed by means of lectures, seminars, discussions and fieldwork. In this paper, the participants of EEA VulPaRe 2016 provide a critical feedback on this original interdisciplinary research training.

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    Authors: Christelle Nguyen; Dominique Bazin; Michel Daudon; Aurore Chatron-Colliet; +7 Authors

    International audience; INTRODUCTION: Calcium-containing (CaC) crystals, including basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP), are associated with destructive forms of osteoarthritis (OA). We assessed their distribution and biochemical and morphologic features in human knee OA cartilage. METHODS: We prospectively included 20 patients who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) for primary OA. CaC crystal characterization and identification involved Fourier-transform infra-red spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy of 8 to 10 cartilage zones of each knee, including medial and lateral femoral condyles and tibial plateaux and the intercondyle zone. Differential expression of genes involved in the mineralization process between cartilage with and without calcification was assessed in samples from 8 different patients by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry and histology studies were performed in 6 different patients. RESULTS: Mean (SEM) age and body mass index of patients at the time of TKR was 74.6 (1.7) years and 28.1 (1.6) kg/m², respectively. Preoperative X-rays showed joint calcifications (chondrocalcinosis) in 4 cases only. The medial femoro-tibial compartment was the most severely affected in all cases, and mean (SEM) Kellgren-Lawrence score was 3.8 (0.1). All 20 OA cartilages showed CaC crystals. The mineral content represented 7.7% (8.1%) of the cartilage weight. All patients showed BCP crystals, which were associated with CPP crystals for 8 joints. CaC crystals were present in all knee joint compartments and in a mean of 4.6 (1.7) of the 8 studied areas. Crystal content was similar between superficial and deep layers and between medial and femoral compartments. BCP samples showed spherical structures, typical of biological apatite, and CPP samples showed rod-shaped or cubic structures. The expression of several genes involved in mineralization, including human homolog of progressive ankylosis, plasma-cell-membrane glycoprotein 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, was upregulated in OA chondrocytes isolated from CaC crystal-containing cartilages. CONCLUSIONS: CaC crystal deposition is a widespread phenomenon in human OA articular cartilage involving the entire knee cartilage including macroscopically normal and less weight-bearing zones. Cartilage calcification is associated with altered expression of genes involved in the mineralisation process.

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