The Roman emperor Caligula issued the same type of quadrans throughout his reign, where the obverse depicted a pileus, a type of cap given to former slaves upon their manumission, and the reverse the letters RCC. Eckhel suggested that the obverse referred to the restora...

The work of the British Mint is done gratuitously; the expense of coining gold into sovereigns is borne, not by the merchant or banker, or other person who sends the gold to the mint, but by the payers of taxes. It is difficult to see the justice of this. No doubt it is...

Julius Caesar's second issue of coinage in 48BC during his civil-war with Pompey consisted of an aureus, three slightly different varieties of denarius, and a quinarius, all displaying the same basic reverse-type, the legend CAESAR across a trophy. As for the obverse, t...

The results of a study of 239 resected solitary pulmonary nodules are presented; 66.5% of the resected nodules were malignant, and there were three patients with malignant coin lesions who were under 30 years of age. These findings confirm the generally accepted fact th...

This chapter sets out to establish the key issues that have become central within the market for Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). Within this context, we provide a brief overview of the existing literature based on ICOs around the world, while explaining the motivations a...

The Maronite Chronicle records that Muʽāwiyah struck gold and silver coins without crosses upon his accession as caliph in 661. It is argued here that this is a misinterpretation of coins issued by the Byzantine emperor Constans II c.659, following the promotion of his ...

The creation of the Secretariat in 1965 was the most important landmark in the evolution of the present Commonwealth. After half-a-century of desultory attempts to detach the instruments of consultation from the routines of Whitehall, the matter was clinched quite sudde...

It is argued that Constantine concealed the Latin symbol for a thousand within a depiction of two apparent wreaths on the reverse of a type of solidus struck in 325/26, and that he did so in order to allude to the one-thousand year reign of the resurrected martyrs with ...

That the language we use everyday undergoes changes through generations and ages is a well-known fact. The language of the philosophical discipline, being itself a “linguistic variant” developed out of our natural language, seems to be no exception. Philosophical termin...

The possible explanations for her conduct vary according to her perceived status as either a willing participant or a victim. If she is a willing participant in her capitulation and seduction, there are three reasons why the knight is successful, according to antecedent...