The Roman emperor Caligula issued the same type of quadrans throughout his reign, where the obverse depicted a pileus, a type of cap given to former slaves upon their manumission, and the reverse the letters RCC. Eckhel suggested that the obverse referred to the restora...

The work of the British Mint is done gratuitously; the expense of coining gold into sovereigns is borne, not by the merchant or banker, or other person who sends the gold to the mint, but by the payers of taxes. It is difficult to see the justice of this. No doubt it is...

Julius Caesar's second issue of coinage in 48BC during his civil-war with Pompey consisted of an aureus, three slightly different varieties of denarius, and a quinarius, all displaying the same basic reverse-type, the legend CAESAR across a trophy. As for the obverse, t...

This chapter sets out to establish the key issues that have become central within the market for Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). Within this context, we provide a brief overview of the existing literature based on ICOs around the world, while explaining the motivations a...

The Maronite Chronicle records that Muʽāwiyah struck gold and silver coins without crosses upon his accession as caliph in 661. It is argued here that this is a misinterpretation of coins issued by the Byzantine emperor Constans II c.659, following the promotion of his ...

The creation of the Secretariat in 1965 was the most important landmark in the evolution of the present Commonwealth. After half-a-century of desultory attempts to detach the instruments of consultation from the routines of Whitehall, the matter was clinched quite sudde...

It is argued that Constantine concealed the Latin symbol for a thousand within a depiction of two apparent wreaths on the reverse of a type of solidus struck in 325/26, and that he did so in order to allude to the one-thousand year reign of the resurrected martyrs with ...

The possible explanations for her conduct vary according to her perceived status as either a willing participant or a victim. If she is a willing participant in her capitulation and seduction, there are three reasons why the knight is successful, according to antecedent...

This paper publishes two new examples of the use of the eagle countermark on folles struck before the reform of 539, and offers a new explanation for the use of this countermark: that it was used by Nicetas, the cousin of the future emperor Heraclius, as his forces adva...

I HAVE just obtained from the Chatham Islands a nearly perfect sub-fossil skull of an extinct Ocydromine rail, closely resembling the Mauritian Aphanapteryx, five and quarter inches long, beak arched, slender, very pointed, for which I propose the specific name Hawkinsi...