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AbstractIn 2015, the ‘food and agriculture package’ called for a new way of regulating nitrogenbased on a spatial approach, as opposed to the general regulation of earlier times – anddescribed this as a watershed. Farmers are met with different obligations based on thelocation of their fields and composition of their soils. We employ political and economictheory to analyze consequences of this regulation. We do this in order to contribute to thediscussion on formulating regulation that can stand the test of time. Therefore, we take intoconsideration Wilson’s typology, which describes the formulation of policy and organizedinterests reaction, as well as economic theory on pareto improvements and externalities. Ourempirical material is comprised of interviews we have conducted with the Danish Associationfor Nature Conservation, SEGES, which is a part of the Danish Agriculture and FoodCouncil, marine biologist Stiig Markager and farmer Søren Ilsøe. We conclude that thepotential of targeted regulation exists, because general regulation did not sufficiently takeinto account specific characteristics of nitrogen pollution. Furthermore, the environmentaland economic potential is considerable, but finite. This is because targeted regulation canface challenges is terms of distributional political concerns, financing and technicallimitations. ResumeI 2015 varslede fødevare- landbrugspakken en ny måde kvælstof i fremtiden skulle regulerespå, baseret på en rumlig tilgang i modsætning til tidligere tiders generel regulering – detteblev beskrevet som et paradigmeskifte. Landbrugere vil således opleve miljøforpligtelserbaseret på deres markers placering og jordtype. Vi anvender politisk og økonomisk teori forat analysere denne regulering. Dette gør vi for at bidrage til diskussionen omlangtidsholdbar landbrugsregulering. Derfor analyserer vi på baggrund i Wilsonspolicy-typologi, som beskriver formuleringen af policy og interesseorganisationernesreaktioner. Ydermere anvender vi økonomisk teori om paretoforbedringer og eksternaliteter.Vores empiriske materiale udgøres af interviews vi har foretaget med DanmarksNaturfredningsforening, SEGES, som er en del af Landbrug og Fødevarer, marinebiologStiig Markager og landbrugeren Søren Ilsøe. Vi konkluderer, at der er et potentiale forbundetmed målrettet regulering, fordi den generelle regulering ikke i tilstrækkelig grad harinkluderet karakteristika ved kvælstofforurening. Ydermere er der et miljøpotentiale, som dogbegrænses af forskellige faktorer. For at opnå fordelene er det nødvendigt at væreopmærksom på politiske, finansieringsmæssige, fordelingsmæssige, og tekniske udfordringer.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the spectral signal from an agricultural field is influenced by the vertical distribution of chlorophyll through the canopy. In particular it is examined whether a uniform vertical distribution of chlorophyll improves the results of two types of models using satellite-based remote sensing data. Analysis of variance and simple linear regression is used to characterise the vertical chlorophyll profile in a canopy for field plots in five different European countries with a variety of crops. Out of a total of 68 fields, 28 fiels are found to be characterised by a uniform vertical chlorophyll distribution while 16 fields have either a decreasing or increasing vertical distribution of chlorophyll. The vertical chlorophyll profile for 6 fiels cannot be characterised by either of these models. 18 fields are not classified as observations lack homogeneity of variances. Biophysical conditions can be estimated by an empirical-statistical model where spectral vegetation indices are related to field measurements of biophysical variables such as leaf area index (LAI) or leaf chlorophyll content. The empirical relation cannot be generalised as it depends on crop species, context and time. A physically-based model such as PROSAIL can be used to estimate biophysical variables. PROSAIL uses input regarding the geometry and architecture of the canopy as well as leaf pigment content to simulate the spectral signal. The Matlab code for PROSAIL was adjusted to compensate for an error in the implentation of the ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution. Simulated reflectance data is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the vegetation indices. They are shown to be responsive of changes in leaf angle and LAI and the chlorophyll index in particular is shown to be sensitive of the leaf chlorophyll content. The empirical relation between the vegetation indices and LAI as well as total Chl content is improved for fields with a uniform vertical chlorophyll profile but remains highly context-dependent. PROSAIL is used to simulate the reflectance from a number of Danish wheat and barley fields from 2008 and 2009. The deviation between measured and simulated reflectance is evaluated in relation to LAI, plant type, landscape and vertical distribution of chlorophyll. It is shown that the deviation regarding red reflectance is influenced by the vertical chlorophyll profile however the simulation of reflectance of visible light is generally improved at low LAI. The simulation of near infrared reflectance is improved at higher LAI levels.

The master’s thesis constitutes a collaborative case study conducted in partnership with Fors A/S, a utility company and Schneider Electric, a specialist in energy management. The study focuses on the specific replacement of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems at Fors. The objective of this research is to explore the internal needs that must be addressed during the SCADA system replacement and to identify strategies for successful implementation within Fors’ strategic context. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology, employing semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, observations, and workshops to gain insights into the experiences and perspectives of the stakeholders involved in the system replacement.The theoretical framework incorporates Orlikowski’s technological frames, a transformation strategy, and selected elements of change management. These theoretical concepts are used to guide the analysis and interpretation of the empirical findings. The research concludes that viewing the SCADA system replacement as a comprehensive digital transformation rather than a simple system upgrade is crucial. One important finding is the comprehensive nature of digital transformation and the need for management to prioritize activities that involve employee perspectives. Furthermore, acknowledgement that digital transformation often necessitates trade-offs within the value chain, impacting employees is a crucial aspect. Overall, the inclusion of employee perspectives enables Fors to cultivate a more inclusive and successful transformation process.

The following project Agriculture in Liberia - stories from four students seeks to provide a deeperunderstanding about how perceptions of roles and possibilities are linked to their education context.In order to do so an approach inspired by ethnography have been used when carrying out field workat the Oxfam IBIS Education of Youth Empowerment (EYE) center in Zwedru. We have used anexplorative approach doing our fieldwork when collecting our data which gave us the possibility tolet the surroundings influence our topic. Throughout the fieldwork we used informal conversations,participant observations and two types of interview methods. This data being the foundation for ourproject. For the analytical part of the project two theorist, Margaret Somers and Paulo Freire, havebeen used two shed light on the themes we found through coding our empirical data. In the end itbecomes possible to conclude, that the students achieve perspectives about what is possible forthem to change in their own life, but in Liberia as well. These perspectives are related to theagriculture skills accomplish.

Due to climate change the rainfall pattern has changed in northern Ghana with consequences for agricultural production. The agriculture sector is the driving force of the socio-economic development and the basic of day to day living of a large population in northern Ghana. Being rain-fed makes agriculture a climate sensitive sector, which has implications for the sector as it is a key element in food security. It is therefore a crucial problem that the agriculture in recent years has been the victim of more frequent extreme rainfalls and dry spells, which negatively impacts the productivity and the soil fertility. Cultivation methods cause another obstacle to the productivity by degradation of the soil fertility. These challenges are the reasons why the yield of the agricultural sector is under pressure to feed the growing population in northern Ghana. The report examines how a climate change adaptation focused on soil fertility can contribute to local and regional adaptation of the agricultural production, with the purpose of ensuring security of future food supply and socio-economic development. Furthermore, it will look at the institutional capacity to manage and implement the adaptation strategy. The main conclusion is that an effective climate change adaptation needs a coordinated, resourced and multidisciplinary effort to build a sustainable adaptation based on a set of suggested actions. The report suggests the Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA) to manage the adaptation, which actions shall include organic manure practices as well as use of nitrogen fixating crops.

This paper examines an alternative to the conventional Danish farming industry, from the perspective of the next generation of organic farmers from Kalø Økologiske Landbrugsskole (Kalø Organic Agriculture College). We found that the current state of affairs is liable for negatively contributing to the climate crisis, through excessive cultivation of the Danish land mass, and CO₂ and methane emissions emanating from the meat-industry, specifically, in pig production. Moreover, we found that the industry is economically unstable, caused by inflation and overreliance on growth and optimization, limiting the flexibility of Danish farmers and hindering conversion to sustainable land-use. As such, we proceeded on the base of necessity for a fundamental re-shaping and -thinking of the field of agriculture going forward and examined the understanding of the forthcoming landscape for young Danish farmers. To this end, we accounted for the environmental ethics in the normative view of nature, superseded from an anthropocentric worldview based on liberal values and domestication of nature – as seen through our inclusion of anthropologist Ghassan Hage. We then examined the principles of organic farming, and the accompanying ontology of ‘green ecology’, prevalent, in part, on Kalø Økologiske Landbrugsskole. To gather empiric data of the institution and its students, we went on a field excursion, where we overlooked two courses, in pig’s digestion and introduction to pig production, and interviewed two farming-students with tangible plans for the future. Both the institution and our two subjects, Adrian (A) and Viktor (V), showcased different schools of thought in regard to the future of agriculture and view of nature, but a definite wish for a disruption of the conventional Danish farming. A seemed to project an idealistic execution of the organic principles, but, in lingo with his future partner, V, took certain reservations with adhering to the economic ‘reality’ of running a business. In so, displaying both an ecological view of nature and sustainability, whilst reproducing anthropocentric liberal values as defined by Hage. Conclusively, we discussed the pros and cons of the different views of nature, the future of organic agriculture in Denmark and the potential of A and V’s participation in shifting the paradigm. Nonetheless, we find the necessity for a future shift in the view of nature, to accommodate a different approach to agriculture in regards to the climate crisis and sustainability.

Kan radardata fra satellitter bruges til at afdække omfanget af mindre sæsonbetingede oversvømmelser på eksempelvis marker? Hvor meget vand der skal til, før vi kan observere det via radardata? Og ved hvilke værdier defineres vand i datasættet? Hvordan skal data fra radarsatellitterne fortolkes, og hvordan fungerer teknologien? Dette er nogle af de spørgsmål der vil blive besvaret i dette projekt. Der vil blive taget udgangspunkt i empiriske feltstudier. Derudover vil der være data fra Sentinel-1 satellitterne i det Europæiske Copernicus program. Der vil derudover også blive taget udgangspunkt i TRIN-modellen fra Jørgensen 2017, for at forstå teknologien. Derudover vil der blive beskrevet, hvordan de øgede nedbørsmængder forventes at påvirke landbruget, samt risikoen for flere sæsonbetingede oversvømmelser.

“Multifunctional land consolidation” (in Danish: “multifunktionel jordfordeling”) is a regulatory approach to land use that encourages efforts to combat climate change and increase biodiversityin combination with other societal interests such as rural development, opportunities for recreation, and economic development for farmers. Since 2019, the Danish Agricultural Agency has run apilot subsidy scheme granting municipalities the funds to cover land consolidation charges through voluntary agreements with landowners. Using theories of governance and multifunctionality, thisproject analyses the opportunities of the pilot scheme to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and improvements of biodiversity. It is argued that the municipalities running projects mustdevelop new competencies as facilitators, which in turn reflects an emerging supervisory mode of governance. However, while voluntary participation is essential, the scheme does not require projects to be fully co-created by landowners and residents, and the funding structure of the scheme also undermines this effort. We argue that a greater focus on co-creation and more funding within the scheme could lead to greater levels of landowner support, which in turn could generate larger-scale changes in support of sustainable land use.

Through this project the considerations behind introducing iPads and deliberately choosing not to use technology in two respective kindergartens are analysed. The Danish government, the representatives of the municipalities (KL) and the collective Danish regions (Danske Regioner) developed in 2011 a digital strategy in which they recommend the use of technology in Danish kindergartens. Observations in two the two kindergartens: Børnehuset Søndersø which uses iPads and Selmers Børnehus which does not use iPads, give us an understanding of the necessity of the presence of technology in the development of children’s learning abilities and play. The observations are supported by two interviews with the respective managers of the kindergartens, Susanne Frølund and Benthe Hansen. These interviews show which values are depicted in the kindergartens. Bruno Latour’s Actor-Network-Theory give us an understanding of how important the iPad is for the child as well as how the network created between the child and the iPad can help answer the research question. The theory of systems and lifeworld by Jürgen Habermas is used to determine which elements the kindergartens possess of the two types of society. Furthermore this project features a discussion of the themes derived from the empirical evidence. The themes are following: resources, social interaction, communication between the parents and the kindergarten, learning and development, and creativity. Additionally will the intentions behind KL’s digital strategy be discussed. The purpose of the strategy which is to inspire and encourage kindergartens to start using iPads, divides the Danish kindergartens. Some agree and some disagree. The visions of KL are therefore not necessarily met in all kindergartens. The evidence derived from the research shows, that the iPad can create a greater solidarity in the kindergarten as well as contribute to the development of creativeness and new methods of learning and teaching. The efficiency improvement in communication between the parents and the kindergarten can improve their relationship and at the same time the kindergarten teachers will get more time to take care of the children. On the other hand the iPad can be criticised for hindering the development of children’s creativeness and social competences as only one child can play with the iPad at a time, and this is only within the iPad’s beforehand installed programs.